Bone tissue engineering (TE) is a promising approach to address the limitations of current bone grafting therapies, which often fail to provide adequate structural support and regeneration. Despite advancements in biomaterials, no ideal bone substitute has been developed, leaving large bone defects as a major challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. TE aims to regenerate functional bone tissue rather than simply replacing it with artificial parts. This review provides an overview of the key components of bone TE, including bone biology, scaffold design, and cell-based strategies. Scaffolds are essential for mimicking the 3D structure of bone, enabling cell growth and tissue formation. They must possess biocompatibility, appropriate porosity, pore size, surface properties, osteoinductivity, and mechanical strength. Various materials, such as ceramics, polymers, and natural substances, are used for scaffolds, with biodegradable polymers showing particular promise. Processing techniques like solvent casting, phase inversion, extrusion, and rapid prototyping are employed to create scaffolds with desired properties. Cells, particularly osteoblasts and stem cells, play a crucial role in TE, with stem cells offering significant potential for tissue regeneration. However, challenges remain, including ethical concerns, immunological incompatibility, and the need for controlled differentiation. Overall, TE represents a promising avenue for future bone regeneration, with ongoing research aimed at improving scaffold design, cell integration, and clinical applications.Bone tissue engineering (TE) is a promising approach to address the limitations of current bone grafting therapies, which often fail to provide adequate structural support and regeneration. Despite advancements in biomaterials, no ideal bone substitute has been developed, leaving large bone defects as a major challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. TE aims to regenerate functional bone tissue rather than simply replacing it with artificial parts. This review provides an overview of the key components of bone TE, including bone biology, scaffold design, and cell-based strategies. Scaffolds are essential for mimicking the 3D structure of bone, enabling cell growth and tissue formation. They must possess biocompatibility, appropriate porosity, pore size, surface properties, osteoinductivity, and mechanical strength. Various materials, such as ceramics, polymers, and natural substances, are used for scaffolds, with biodegradable polymers showing particular promise. Processing techniques like solvent casting, phase inversion, extrusion, and rapid prototyping are employed to create scaffolds with desired properties. Cells, particularly osteoblasts and stem cells, play a crucial role in TE, with stem cells offering significant potential for tissue regeneration. However, challenges remain, including ethical concerns, immunological incompatibility, and the need for controlled differentiation. Overall, TE represents a promising avenue for future bone regeneration, with ongoing research aimed at improving scaffold design, cell integration, and clinical applications.