This review presents the global epidemiology of preterm births, estimating that 14.9 million babies were born preterm in 2010, accounting for 11.1% of all live births. Preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal mortality, responsible for one million deaths annually, and a risk factor in over 50% of neonatal deaths. Preterm birth also leads to long-term complications in survivors, with severity increasing as gestational age decreases. The economic burden is significant, including neonatal intensive care, long-term health needs, and lost productivity. Preterm birth has multiple causes, including spontaneous and provider-initiated births. Consistent recording and standard definitions are essential for accurate data collection and monitoring. Data on preterm birth rates are inconsistent globally, with many countries lacking reliable data. In high-income countries, preterm birth rates have increased over time, while in some regions, rates have decreased. Preterm birth is a global issue, with high rates in both low- and high-income countries. The burden is highest in low-income countries, particularly in South Asia. Preterm birth is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, especially in very preterm babies. The economic costs of preterm birth are significant, and improving care is essential to reduce disability and mortality. The review highlights the need for improved data systems, better understanding of causes, and targeted interventions to reduce preterm birth rates and improve outcomes for preterm babies. The paper also emphasizes the importance of addressing disparities in preterm birth rates within and between countries. The findings underscore the urgent need for global action to reduce the burden of preterm birth and improve neonatal and long-term outcomes for affected children.This review presents the global epidemiology of preterm births, estimating that 14.9 million babies were born preterm in 2010, accounting for 11.1% of all live births. Preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal mortality, responsible for one million deaths annually, and a risk factor in over 50% of neonatal deaths. Preterm birth also leads to long-term complications in survivors, with severity increasing as gestational age decreases. The economic burden is significant, including neonatal intensive care, long-term health needs, and lost productivity. Preterm birth has multiple causes, including spontaneous and provider-initiated births. Consistent recording and standard definitions are essential for accurate data collection and monitoring. Data on preterm birth rates are inconsistent globally, with many countries lacking reliable data. In high-income countries, preterm birth rates have increased over time, while in some regions, rates have decreased. Preterm birth is a global issue, with high rates in both low- and high-income countries. The burden is highest in low-income countries, particularly in South Asia. Preterm birth is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, especially in very preterm babies. The economic costs of preterm birth are significant, and improving care is essential to reduce disability and mortality. The review highlights the need for improved data systems, better understanding of causes, and targeted interventions to reduce preterm birth rates and improve outcomes for preterm babies. The paper also emphasizes the importance of addressing disparities in preterm birth rates within and between countries. The findings underscore the urgent need for global action to reduce the burden of preterm birth and improve neonatal and long-term outcomes for affected children.