Brain organoids are three-dimensional models derived from stem cells that mimic aspects of the human brain. They offer a powerful tool for studying brain development, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain organoids can be generated through guided or unguided protocols, with guided protocols involving the use of extrinsic factors to mimic embryonic brain development and pattern organoids with region-specific identity. Factors such as the use of extracellular matrix (ECM), assembloids, cellular stress, and multi-rosette vs. single-rosette organoids are important considerations when choosing a protocol. Organoids can be used to model various neurological disorders, including neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. However, organoids do not fully recapitulate the complexity of the human brain, and challenges remain in terms of reproducibility, cellular stress, and the ability to model the entire developmental process. Despite these limitations, brain organoids have shown promise in drug discovery, disease modeling, and understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurological disorders. Future research aims to improve organoid protocols to enhance their accuracy and utility in biomedical research.Brain organoids are three-dimensional models derived from stem cells that mimic aspects of the human brain. They offer a powerful tool for studying brain development, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain organoids can be generated through guided or unguided protocols, with guided protocols involving the use of extrinsic factors to mimic embryonic brain development and pattern organoids with region-specific identity. Factors such as the use of extracellular matrix (ECM), assembloids, cellular stress, and multi-rosette vs. single-rosette organoids are important considerations when choosing a protocol. Organoids can be used to model various neurological disorders, including neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. However, organoids do not fully recapitulate the complexity of the human brain, and challenges remain in terms of reproducibility, cellular stress, and the ability to model the entire developmental process. Despite these limitations, brain organoids have shown promise in drug discovery, disease modeling, and understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurological disorders. Future research aims to improve organoid protocols to enhance their accuracy and utility in biomedical research.