This review summarizes the effects of exercise on brain plasticity in both animals and humans. Exercise has been shown to enhance hippocampal structure and function, improve spatial memory, and promote neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and angiogenesis. These effects are mediated by neurotrophic factors such as BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF, as well as by changes in gene expression and neural circuitry. Exercise also enhances cognitive functions such as pattern separation, relational memory, and spatial learning. In humans, aerobic exercise has been associated with increased hippocampal volume, improved cognitive performance, and enhanced synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are complex and involve interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. While animal studies have provided valuable insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of exercise-induced brain plasticity, human studies are needed to translate these findings into clinical applications. Overall, exercise is a simple and effective intervention that can improve brain function and cognition across the lifespan.This review summarizes the effects of exercise on brain plasticity in both animals and humans. Exercise has been shown to enhance hippocampal structure and function, improve spatial memory, and promote neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and angiogenesis. These effects are mediated by neurotrophic factors such as BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF, as well as by changes in gene expression and neural circuitry. Exercise also enhances cognitive functions such as pattern separation, relational memory, and spatial learning. In humans, aerobic exercise has been associated with increased hippocampal volume, improved cognitive performance, and enhanced synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are complex and involve interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. While animal studies have provided valuable insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of exercise-induced brain plasticity, human studies are needed to translate these findings into clinical applications. Overall, exercise is a simple and effective intervention that can improve brain function and cognition across the lifespan.