Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been widely used for decades to reduce fire-related injuries and property damage. However, recent concerns have arisen due to their presence in the environment and human biota. BFRs include brominated bisphenols, diphenyl ethers, cyclododecanes, phenols, and phthalic acid derivatives. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the most commonly used BFRs. These chemicals are highly lipophilic and can bioaccumulate in the environment and in organisms. They have been found in air, soil, sediment, and human tissues, with increasing concentrations over time. TBBPA is used as a reactive or additive flame retardant in various polymers. It is highly toxic in vitro, affecting liver cells, the immune system, and the nervous system. It may also act as an endocrine disruptor. HBCD is a brominated cyclic alkane used in thermoplastic polymers. It is highly lipophilic and can bioaccumulate in the environment and in organisms. It has been found in sediments and biota, with a long half-life in the environment. PBDEs are a group of brominated diphenyl ethers with 209 different congeners. They are highly stable and can persist in the environment for long periods. They have been found in air, soil, sediment, and human tissues, with increasing concentrations over time. PBDEs have been shown to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, including toxicity to crustaceans and fish. They can also affect the thyroid system, leading to changes in thyroid hormone levels. PBDEs have been linked to developmental neurotoxicity in mice, with effects on motor behavior, learning, and memory. They may also affect the endocrine system, acting as endocrine disruptors. PBDEs have been found in human tissues, with concentrations varying by region and exposure. The use of BFRs is increasing, and there is a need for more research to understand their toxicological effects and environmental fate. The available data are limited and conflicting, highlighting the need for further studies to address data gaps and develop a future research agenda. The potential health and environmental risks of BFRs are significant, and further research is needed to fully understand their impact.Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been widely used for decades to reduce fire-related injuries and property damage. However, recent concerns have arisen due to their presence in the environment and human biota. BFRs include brominated bisphenols, diphenyl ethers, cyclododecanes, phenols, and phthalic acid derivatives. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the most commonly used BFRs. These chemicals are highly lipophilic and can bioaccumulate in the environment and in organisms. They have been found in air, soil, sediment, and human tissues, with increasing concentrations over time. TBBPA is used as a reactive or additive flame retardant in various polymers. It is highly toxic in vitro, affecting liver cells, the immune system, and the nervous system. It may also act as an endocrine disruptor. HBCD is a brominated cyclic alkane used in thermoplastic polymers. It is highly lipophilic and can bioaccumulate in the environment and in organisms. It has been found in sediments and biota, with a long half-life in the environment. PBDEs are a group of brominated diphenyl ethers with 209 different congeners. They are highly stable and can persist in the environment for long periods. They have been found in air, soil, sediment, and human tissues, with increasing concentrations over time. PBDEs have been shown to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, including toxicity to crustaceans and fish. They can also affect the thyroid system, leading to changes in thyroid hormone levels. PBDEs have been linked to developmental neurotoxicity in mice, with effects on motor behavior, learning, and memory. They may also affect the endocrine system, acting as endocrine disruptors. PBDEs have been found in human tissues, with concentrations varying by region and exposure. The use of BFRs is increasing, and there is a need for more research to understand their toxicological effects and environmental fate. The available data are limited and conflicting, highlighting the need for further studies to address data gaps and develop a future research agenda. The potential health and environmental risks of BFRs are significant, and further research is needed to fully understand their impact.