The chapter "Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology" by Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew Spear provides a comprehensive guide to designing and using ontologies. It begins with an introduction to the concept of ontologies as representational artifacts and their importance in managing information overload. The chapter then delves into different types of ontologies and the role of taxonomies, emphasizing the philosophical underpinnings of ontological realism. Key principles for best practice in ontology design are outlined, including realism, perspectivalism, fallibilism, and adequatism. The process of designing domain ontologies is detailed, covering topics such as subject matter determination, relevance, granularity, and the problem of nonexistents. The chapter also discusses principles for terminology, definitions, and classification, emphasizing the importance of consistency, univocity, and the use of existing resources. It provides guidelines for formatting terminology, defining terms, and structuring taxonomies. The introduction to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) covers fundamental types of entities, including continuants and occurants, and their various categories. It explores the relationships between these entities, such as spatial and temporal relations, and the foundational relations like "is_a" and "part_of." Finally, the chapter examines the practical application of BFO in tools like Protégé, OWL, RDF, RDFS, and SPARQL, providing examples of ontologies for specific domains such as general medical science, infectious diseases, information artifacts, and emotions. It also discusses the benefits of interoperability facilitated by these ontologies and includes an appendix on implementation tools and a glossary of terms.The chapter "Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology" by Robert Arp, Barry Smith, and Andrew Spear provides a comprehensive guide to designing and using ontologies. It begins with an introduction to the concept of ontologies as representational artifacts and their importance in managing information overload. The chapter then delves into different types of ontologies and the role of taxonomies, emphasizing the philosophical underpinnings of ontological realism. Key principles for best practice in ontology design are outlined, including realism, perspectivalism, fallibilism, and adequatism. The process of designing domain ontologies is detailed, covering topics such as subject matter determination, relevance, granularity, and the problem of nonexistents. The chapter also discusses principles for terminology, definitions, and classification, emphasizing the importance of consistency, univocity, and the use of existing resources. It provides guidelines for formatting terminology, defining terms, and structuring taxonomies. The introduction to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) covers fundamental types of entities, including continuants and occurants, and their various categories. It explores the relationships between these entities, such as spatial and temporal relations, and the foundational relations like "is_a" and "part_of." Finally, the chapter examines the practical application of BFO in tools like Protégé, OWL, RDF, RDFS, and SPARQL, providing examples of ontologies for specific domains such as general medical science, infectious diseases, information artifacts, and emotions. It also discusses the benefits of interoperability facilitated by these ontologies and includes an appendix on implementation tools and a glossary of terms.