This review article by Nevzat Erdil from the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at Inonu University in Turkey provides an overview of cardiovascular biomaterials (CB), categorizing them into metals, polymers, and biological materials. The article highlights the importance of blood compatibility in the use of CB for cardiovascular applications and discusses various surface modification techniques to enhance this compatibility. It also explores the use of induced human pluripotent stem cells, endothelialization of cardiac implants, and the current trends in CB. The rapid expansion of the field has attracted significant interest from researchers and academics, making this overview a comprehensive resource for understanding fundamental studies in CB. The introduction section emphasizes the global burden of cardiovascular disease, which accounts for about 40% of all deaths annually. Despite advancements in treatment, chronic heart failure remains a significant challenge, with poor prognosis and high economic costs. The article then delves into signal pathways involved in heart failure, including calcineurin-NFAT signaling, G protein-coupled receptor signaling, ERK signaling, p38 signaling, PI3K signaling, microRNA and long noncoding RNA involvement, and the role of TGF-β and Wnt signaling. It also discusses plasmid-based, virus-based, and oligonucleotide-based gene therapies, as well as stem cell therapy and the use of biological materials in cardiovascular tissue engineering. The article concludes by highlighting the potential of 3D printing and bioprinting, electrospinning, and composite scaffolds to advance regenerative medicine and tailor therapeutic approaches to individual patients or injury types. The advancements in biomaterials and manufacturing processes are expected to drive the field forward, offering more effective solutions for cardiovascular diseases.This review article by Nevzat Erdil from the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at Inonu University in Turkey provides an overview of cardiovascular biomaterials (CB), categorizing them into metals, polymers, and biological materials. The article highlights the importance of blood compatibility in the use of CB for cardiovascular applications and discusses various surface modification techniques to enhance this compatibility. It also explores the use of induced human pluripotent stem cells, endothelialization of cardiac implants, and the current trends in CB. The rapid expansion of the field has attracted significant interest from researchers and academics, making this overview a comprehensive resource for understanding fundamental studies in CB. The introduction section emphasizes the global burden of cardiovascular disease, which accounts for about 40% of all deaths annually. Despite advancements in treatment, chronic heart failure remains a significant challenge, with poor prognosis and high economic costs. The article then delves into signal pathways involved in heart failure, including calcineurin-NFAT signaling, G protein-coupled receptor signaling, ERK signaling, p38 signaling, PI3K signaling, microRNA and long noncoding RNA involvement, and the role of TGF-β and Wnt signaling. It also discusses plasmid-based, virus-based, and oligonucleotide-based gene therapies, as well as stem cell therapy and the use of biological materials in cardiovascular tissue engineering. The article concludes by highlighting the potential of 3D printing and bioprinting, electrospinning, and composite scaffolds to advance regenerative medicine and tailor therapeutic approaches to individual patients or injury types. The advancements in biomaterials and manufacturing processes are expected to drive the field forward, offering more effective solutions for cardiovascular diseases.