Manabe's study investigates the interaction between ocean and atmosphere, focusing on the hydrology of the Earth's surface within a numerical model of atmospheric circulation. The model uses the primitive equation of motion and incorporates the effects of solar radiation, terrestrial radiation, and cloud absorption. It simulates the hydrological cycle by predicting water vapor, soil moisture, and snow cover. The ocean is modeled as a completely wet surface without heat capacity, while the land is divided into boxes that can store limited water. The model's results show good qualitative agreement with observations, particularly in the distribution of rainfall and the formation of subtropical deserts and equatorial rain belts. However, the model lacks seasonal variation in solar insolation and poleward heat transport by ocean currents, leading to excessive snow cover in higher latitudes and lower temperatures in the polar region compared to reality. The study serves as a preliminary step toward a more comprehensive model of ocean-atmosphere interaction, where ocean currents play a key role in heat transport. The model's equations include the motion and thermodynamic equations, prognostic equations for water vapor, radiative transfer, and boundary conditions at the Earth's surface. The results highlight the importance of hydrology in the Earth's climate system, with the model showing how surface moisture influences atmospheric circulation and heat balance. The study also addresses the distribution of ocean and land, the finite difference method, and the structure of the model. The findings contribute to understanding the Earth's climate and the role of the hydrological cycle in shaping weather patterns and climate. The model's limitations, such as the lack of seasonal variation and the simplified treatment of ocean currents, are acknowledged, and future studies are suggested to improve the model's accuracy.Manabe's study investigates the interaction between ocean and atmosphere, focusing on the hydrology of the Earth's surface within a numerical model of atmospheric circulation. The model uses the primitive equation of motion and incorporates the effects of solar radiation, terrestrial radiation, and cloud absorption. It simulates the hydrological cycle by predicting water vapor, soil moisture, and snow cover. The ocean is modeled as a completely wet surface without heat capacity, while the land is divided into boxes that can store limited water. The model's results show good qualitative agreement with observations, particularly in the distribution of rainfall and the formation of subtropical deserts and equatorial rain belts. However, the model lacks seasonal variation in solar insolation and poleward heat transport by ocean currents, leading to excessive snow cover in higher latitudes and lower temperatures in the polar region compared to reality. The study serves as a preliminary step toward a more comprehensive model of ocean-atmosphere interaction, where ocean currents play a key role in heat transport. The model's equations include the motion and thermodynamic equations, prognostic equations for water vapor, radiative transfer, and boundary conditions at the Earth's surface. The results highlight the importance of hydrology in the Earth's climate system, with the model showing how surface moisture influences atmospheric circulation and heat balance. The study also addresses the distribution of ocean and land, the finite difference method, and the structure of the model. The findings contribute to understanding the Earth's climate and the role of the hydrological cycle in shaping weather patterns and climate. The model's limitations, such as the lack of seasonal variation and the simplified treatment of ocean currents, are acknowledged, and future studies are suggested to improve the model's accuracy.