The introduction of the article by D. Lal and B. Peters discusses the effects of cosmic radiation on matter, both terrestrial and extraterrestrial. Cosmic radiation, primarily composed of protons and α-particles, can cause characteristic changes in the chemical and isotopic composition of materials. These changes occur in two main categories: terrestrial material irradiated by cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere and extraterrestrial material that is bombarded in space and later accreted by the Earth. In the Earth's atmosphere, most nuclear transformations are induced by nucleons, with a smaller contribution from mesons and their decay products. The outermost layer of the Earth's crust also experiences nuclear transmutations, dominated by nucleons and pions produced in spallation reactions. Deeper underground, interactions are dominated by high-energy muons and neutrinos, with the latter potentially becoming observable in the future. Extraterrestrial material, including meteorites, meteoroids, and interplanetary dust, also shows chemical and isotopic anomalies due to prolonged exposure to cosmic radiation. Meteorites, in particular, provide valuable insights into past cosmic radiation levels and their effects, allowing for the determination of radiation intensity, energy spectrum, and accumulated dose.The introduction of the article by D. Lal and B. Peters discusses the effects of cosmic radiation on matter, both terrestrial and extraterrestrial. Cosmic radiation, primarily composed of protons and α-particles, can cause characteristic changes in the chemical and isotopic composition of materials. These changes occur in two main categories: terrestrial material irradiated by cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere and extraterrestrial material that is bombarded in space and later accreted by the Earth. In the Earth's atmosphere, most nuclear transformations are induced by nucleons, with a smaller contribution from mesons and their decay products. The outermost layer of the Earth's crust also experiences nuclear transmutations, dominated by nucleons and pions produced in spallation reactions. Deeper underground, interactions are dominated by high-energy muons and neutrinos, with the latter potentially becoming observable in the future. Extraterrestrial material, including meteorites, meteoroids, and interplanetary dust, also shows chemical and isotopic anomalies due to prolonged exposure to cosmic radiation. Meteorites, in particular, provide valuable insights into past cosmic radiation levels and their effects, allowing for the determination of radiation intensity, energy spectrum, and accumulated dose.