The nematode *Caenorhabditis elegans* has emerged as a valuable model organism in biomedical and environmental toxicology due to its genetic manipulability, well-characterized genome, short life cycle, and ease of maintenance. This review highlights the application of *C. elegans* in neurotoxicology, genotoxicity, and environmental toxicology, emphasizing its role in high-throughput screening. *C. elegans* shares many conserved pathways and genetic networks with higher eukaryotes, making it a reliable model for studying toxicity mechanisms. The transparent body and large number of offspring allow for detailed observation and large-scale production, while genetic tools such as RNAi and transgenesis enable molecular studies. The review discusses specific examples of neurotoxicity research, including the effects of metals and pesticides, and genotoxicity studies, focusing on DNA repair and apoptosis. *C. elegans* is also useful for high-throughput screening, providing rapid and cost-effective methods for identifying toxicants and understanding their mechanisms of action. Overall, *C. elegans* complements other model systems in toxicological research, offering a powerful tool for studying the biological and physiological consequences of toxicants.The nematode *Caenorhabditis elegans* has emerged as a valuable model organism in biomedical and environmental toxicology due to its genetic manipulability, well-characterized genome, short life cycle, and ease of maintenance. This review highlights the application of *C. elegans* in neurotoxicology, genotoxicity, and environmental toxicology, emphasizing its role in high-throughput screening. *C. elegans* shares many conserved pathways and genetic networks with higher eukaryotes, making it a reliable model for studying toxicity mechanisms. The transparent body and large number of offspring allow for detailed observation and large-scale production, while genetic tools such as RNAi and transgenesis enable molecular studies. The review discusses specific examples of neurotoxicity research, including the effects of metals and pesticides, and genotoxicity studies, focusing on DNA repair and apoptosis. *C. elegans* is also useful for high-throughput screening, providing rapid and cost-effective methods for identifying toxicants and understanding their mechanisms of action. Overall, *C. elegans* complements other model systems in toxicological research, offering a powerful tool for studying the biological and physiological consequences of toxicants.