This study investigates the impact of a calcium phosphate (CaP) coating on the physicochemical properties and osteoimmunomodulatory effects of melt electrowritten (MEW) polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. The CaP-coated PCL scaffolds exhibited a rougher surface and higher hydrophilicity compared to the uncoated PCL scaffolds. The release of Ca²⁺ from the CaP coating and the surface morphology of the coatings were crucial in regulating the transition of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotypes, potentially through the activation of the PI3K/AKT and cAMP-PKA pathways. In vitro, the CaP-coated PCL scaffolds enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and promoted bone regeneration in vivo. The study concludes that the CaP coating can be used to control macrophage polarization, creating a beneficial immunomodulatory microenvironment that promotes bone regeneration.This study investigates the impact of a calcium phosphate (CaP) coating on the physicochemical properties and osteoimmunomodulatory effects of melt electrowritten (MEW) polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. The CaP-coated PCL scaffolds exhibited a rougher surface and higher hydrophilicity compared to the uncoated PCL scaffolds. The release of Ca²⁺ from the CaP coating and the surface morphology of the coatings were crucial in regulating the transition of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotypes, potentially through the activation of the PI3K/AKT and cAMP-PKA pathways. In vitro, the CaP-coated PCL scaffolds enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and promoted bone regeneration in vivo. The study concludes that the CaP coating can be used to control macrophage polarization, creating a beneficial immunomodulatory microenvironment that promotes bone regeneration.