Caloric effects, such as magnetocaloric (MC), electrocaloric (EC), and mechanocaloric (mC), arise near ferroic phase transitions when materials respond to magnetic, electric, or mechanical fields. These effects have been studied extensively, with MC effects first observed by Warburg in 1881, EC effects by Joule in 1859, and mC effects by observing rubber heating when stretched. Recent research has shown that these effects can be harnessed for cooling applications, with prototypes under development. The term "mechanocaloric" (mC) is used to describe both elastocaloric (eC) and barocaloric (BC) effects. MC effects were first observed in iron by Warburg, but later confirmed in nickel by Weiss and Piccard. EC effects were first reported in Rochelle salt in 1930, and MC effects in paramagnetic salts were used to approach absolute zero, leading to Giauque's 1949 Nobel Prize. Sustained MC cooling was first demonstrated in the 1950s using paramagnetic salts below 1 K, and later in 1976 using the ferromagnetic phase transition in gadolinium. The work of Brown introduced regenerators, which significantly increased the temperature span in heat pumps based on caloric effects. Giant caloric effects have been observed in various materials, including shape-memory alloys, metallic compounds, and ferroelectric films. These effects are significant for cooling applications, with EC effects in polymers and ceramics showing large temperature changes. The performance of caloric materials is often evaluated using parameters such as specific entropy change, isothermal heat, and adiabatic temperature change. Direct measurements of these effects are challenging due to heat leaks and the need for precise calibration. EC effects have been studied in various materials, including perovskites and polymers, with significant improvements in performance over the past decades. The EC effect is the converse of the pyroelectric effect, where changes in temperature modify electrical polarization. EC effects have been observed in materials such as Rochelle salt and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, with significant temperature changes in response to electric fields. Mechanocaloric effects, driven by mechanical stress, have been observed in materials such as NiTi wires, with sustained cooling demonstrated under cyclical tensile stress. Barocaloric effects, driven by isotropic stress, have also been studied, with significant temperature changes observed in materials such as polycrystalline nickelates. The development of caloric materials is ongoing, with efforts to improve the efficiency and reliability of these effects for practical cooling applications. The three caloric effects—MC, EC, and mC—each have their own advantages and challenges, with MC effects being particularly useful for room-temperature cooling. The future of caloric cooling depends on the development of materials with high efficiency, low breakdownCaloric effects, such as magnetocaloric (MC), electrocaloric (EC), and mechanocaloric (mC), arise near ferroic phase transitions when materials respond to magnetic, electric, or mechanical fields. These effects have been studied extensively, with MC effects first observed by Warburg in 1881, EC effects by Joule in 1859, and mC effects by observing rubber heating when stretched. Recent research has shown that these effects can be harnessed for cooling applications, with prototypes under development. The term "mechanocaloric" (mC) is used to describe both elastocaloric (eC) and barocaloric (BC) effects. MC effects were first observed in iron by Warburg, but later confirmed in nickel by Weiss and Piccard. EC effects were first reported in Rochelle salt in 1930, and MC effects in paramagnetic salts were used to approach absolute zero, leading to Giauque's 1949 Nobel Prize. Sustained MC cooling was first demonstrated in the 1950s using paramagnetic salts below 1 K, and later in 1976 using the ferromagnetic phase transition in gadolinium. The work of Brown introduced regenerators, which significantly increased the temperature span in heat pumps based on caloric effects. Giant caloric effects have been observed in various materials, including shape-memory alloys, metallic compounds, and ferroelectric films. These effects are significant for cooling applications, with EC effects in polymers and ceramics showing large temperature changes. The performance of caloric materials is often evaluated using parameters such as specific entropy change, isothermal heat, and adiabatic temperature change. Direct measurements of these effects are challenging due to heat leaks and the need for precise calibration. EC effects have been studied in various materials, including perovskites and polymers, with significant improvements in performance over the past decades. The EC effect is the converse of the pyroelectric effect, where changes in temperature modify electrical polarization. EC effects have been observed in materials such as Rochelle salt and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, with significant temperature changes in response to electric fields. Mechanocaloric effects, driven by mechanical stress, have been observed in materials such as NiTi wires, with sustained cooling demonstrated under cyclical tensile stress. Barocaloric effects, driven by isotropic stress, have also been studied, with significant temperature changes observed in materials such as polycrystalline nickelates. The development of caloric materials is ongoing, with efforts to improve the efficiency and reliability of these effects for practical cooling applications. The three caloric effects—MC, EC, and mC—each have their own advantages and challenges, with MC effects being particularly useful for room-temperature cooling. The future of caloric cooling depends on the development of materials with high efficiency, low breakdown