Cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CCM-NPs) are a promising bionic platform for anti-tumor therapy. These nanoparticles mimic the biological functions of cancer cell membranes, enabling immune escape, homologous cell recognition, and antigen presentation. CCM-NPs have been developed to overcome the limitations of conventional nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems, such as immune clearance and poor targeting. The cancer cell membrane provides a wide range of activities for CCM-NPs, including immune escape and homologous cell recognition. The surface of the cancer cell membrane exhibits antigen enrichment, allowing CCM-NPs to transmit tumor-specific antigens, activate immune responses, and produce effective anti-tumor effects. This review summarizes the preparation techniques, characterization methods, and applications of CCM-NPs in tumor therapy. It also discusses the functional modifications of cancer cell membranes and recent patent applications related to CCM-NPs. The review highlights the challenges and future directions of this technology, aiming to provide guidance for researchers in this field. CCM-NPs are prepared through three steps: (1) extraction of the cancer cell membrane, (2) preparation of the NP core, and (3) fusion of the membrane with the NP core. The extraction of the cancer cell membrane involves cell separation, lysis, centrifugation, and membrane harvesting. The NP core is prepared using various materials, including organic and inorganic NPs. The fusion of the cell membrane with the NP core is typically achieved through physical extrusion, sonication, microfluidic electroporation, or flash nanocomplexation (FNC). The final step in preparing CCM-NPs is to wrap the cell membranes on the synthesized NPs, typically through physical extrusion, sonication, microfluidic electroporation, or flash nanocomplexation (FNC). The physical and biological characteristics of CCM-NPs are verified through techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence co-localization. The retention of cell membrane surface proteins is crucial for the functionality of CCM-NPs. The protein profiles and specific protein concentrations are determined through SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The results indicate that the membrane protein components of cancer cell membranes are successfully retained during the preparation of CCM-NPs. CCM-NPs have promising applications in anti-tumor therapies, including drug delivery, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, tumor imaging, and immunotherapy. In drug delivery, CCM-NPs improve the bioavailability of drugs and achieve precise targeting by exploiting the characteristics of homologous targeting and phagocytic escape of cancer cell membranes. In PTT, CCM-NPs are used to generate vibrational heat under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, which raises the temperature at the tumor site and induces tumor cell death. In PDT, photosensCancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CCM-NPs) are a promising bionic platform for anti-tumor therapy. These nanoparticles mimic the biological functions of cancer cell membranes, enabling immune escape, homologous cell recognition, and antigen presentation. CCM-NPs have been developed to overcome the limitations of conventional nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems, such as immune clearance and poor targeting. The cancer cell membrane provides a wide range of activities for CCM-NPs, including immune escape and homologous cell recognition. The surface of the cancer cell membrane exhibits antigen enrichment, allowing CCM-NPs to transmit tumor-specific antigens, activate immune responses, and produce effective anti-tumor effects. This review summarizes the preparation techniques, characterization methods, and applications of CCM-NPs in tumor therapy. It also discusses the functional modifications of cancer cell membranes and recent patent applications related to CCM-NPs. The review highlights the challenges and future directions of this technology, aiming to provide guidance for researchers in this field. CCM-NPs are prepared through three steps: (1) extraction of the cancer cell membrane, (2) preparation of the NP core, and (3) fusion of the membrane with the NP core. The extraction of the cancer cell membrane involves cell separation, lysis, centrifugation, and membrane harvesting. The NP core is prepared using various materials, including organic and inorganic NPs. The fusion of the cell membrane with the NP core is typically achieved through physical extrusion, sonication, microfluidic electroporation, or flash nanocomplexation (FNC). The final step in preparing CCM-NPs is to wrap the cell membranes on the synthesized NPs, typically through physical extrusion, sonication, microfluidic electroporation, or flash nanocomplexation (FNC). The physical and biological characteristics of CCM-NPs are verified through techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence co-localization. The retention of cell membrane surface proteins is crucial for the functionality of CCM-NPs. The protein profiles and specific protein concentrations are determined through SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The results indicate that the membrane protein components of cancer cell membranes are successfully retained during the preparation of CCM-NPs. CCM-NPs have promising applications in anti-tumor therapies, including drug delivery, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, tumor imaging, and immunotherapy. In drug delivery, CCM-NPs improve the bioavailability of drugs and achieve precise targeting by exploiting the characteristics of homologous targeting and phagocytic escape of cancer cell membranes. In PTT, CCM-NPs are used to generate vibrational heat under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, which raises the temperature at the tumor site and induces tumor cell death. In PDT, photosens