Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a groundbreaking approach in the treatment of cancer, offering new hope and promising results. This review outlines the main strategies in cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, adoptive cellular immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, and oncolytic viruses. It also discusses the progress in the design of synergistic combination therapies that aim to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Cancer vaccines, which aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, have faced challenges due to the difficulty in identifying suitable antigens and breaking tumor-induced tolerance. However, recent advancements, such as the use of dendritic cells and recombinant fusion proteins, have shown some success in clinical trials. Despite these developments, cancer vaccines still face challenges in terms of specificity and efficacy. Oncolytic virus therapy involves the use of viruses that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells. These viruses can promote antitumor responses through direct tumor cell lysis and the induction of systemic antitumor immunity. T-VEC, a modified oncolytic herpes simplex virus, has shown promising results in the treatment of advanced melanoma, leading to FDA approval. Adoptive cell therapy involves the isolation, expansion, and reinfusion of tumor-specific T cells. This approach has shown significant clinical responses, particularly in the treatment of melanoma. However, it is associated with challenges such as the need for lymphodepletion and the potential for severe side effects. Immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer immunotherapy by blocking inhibitory pathways that prevent T cell activation. Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 antibodies have shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of melanoma and other cancers. However, these therapies can cause severe autoimmune side effects, necessitating careful dose titration. Combination therapies, which involve the use of multiple immunotherapeutic agents, have shown promise in enhancing antitumor responses. The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy or molecularly targeted therapies, has demonstrated potential in improving outcomes and reducing toxicity. Overall, cancer immunotherapy has transformed the landscape of cancer treatment, offering new possibilities for patients. However, challenges remain in terms of optimizing therapies, improving safety, and identifying the most effective combinations. Continued research and development are essential to fully realize the potential of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer.Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a groundbreaking approach in the treatment of cancer, offering new hope and promising results. This review outlines the main strategies in cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, adoptive cellular immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, and oncolytic viruses. It also discusses the progress in the design of synergistic combination therapies that aim to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Cancer vaccines, which aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, have faced challenges due to the difficulty in identifying suitable antigens and breaking tumor-induced tolerance. However, recent advancements, such as the use of dendritic cells and recombinant fusion proteins, have shown some success in clinical trials. Despite these developments, cancer vaccines still face challenges in terms of specificity and efficacy. Oncolytic virus therapy involves the use of viruses that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells. These viruses can promote antitumor responses through direct tumor cell lysis and the induction of systemic antitumor immunity. T-VEC, a modified oncolytic herpes simplex virus, has shown promising results in the treatment of advanced melanoma, leading to FDA approval. Adoptive cell therapy involves the isolation, expansion, and reinfusion of tumor-specific T cells. This approach has shown significant clinical responses, particularly in the treatment of melanoma. However, it is associated with challenges such as the need for lymphodepletion and the potential for severe side effects. Immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer immunotherapy by blocking inhibitory pathways that prevent T cell activation. Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 antibodies have shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of melanoma and other cancers. However, these therapies can cause severe autoimmune side effects, necessitating careful dose titration. Combination therapies, which involve the use of multiple immunotherapeutic agents, have shown promise in enhancing antitumor responses. The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy or molecularly targeted therapies, has demonstrated potential in improving outcomes and reducing toxicity. Overall, cancer immunotherapy has transformed the landscape of cancer treatment, offering new possibilities for patients. However, challenges remain in terms of optimizing therapies, improving safety, and identifying the most effective combinations. Continued research and development are essential to fully realize the potential of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer.