The article provides a comprehensive review of canine mammary tumors (CMTs), focusing on their classification, risk factors, biomarkers, and traditional and personalized therapies. CMTs are a significant clinical issue in veterinary medicine, with a high incidence rate in female dogs. The tumors can be benign or malignant, and their classification is based on histological features and immunohistochemical markers such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). Risk factors include breed, age, genetic predisposition, hormones, diet, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Biomarkers like Ki-67, p53, VEGF, and COX-2 are crucial for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning. Traditional therapies for CMTs include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. However, these treatments may not always be sufficient, and advancements in understanding cancer mechanisms and innovative treatments offer hope for improved outcomes. Personalized medicine, which involves using genetic information to tailor treatments, is gaining attention in both human and veterinary oncology. Immunotherapy, particularly targeting HER-2 and MUC-1, shows promise in CMTs. The article also discusses the use of omics techniques such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to develop personalized therapies. While personalized medicine has shown promise in human oncology, its application in veterinary oncology is still in its early stages, with some initial success in targeted therapies for mast cell tumors. Overall, the article highlights the need for further research to optimize treatment strategies for CMTs.The article provides a comprehensive review of canine mammary tumors (CMTs), focusing on their classification, risk factors, biomarkers, and traditional and personalized therapies. CMTs are a significant clinical issue in veterinary medicine, with a high incidence rate in female dogs. The tumors can be benign or malignant, and their classification is based on histological features and immunohistochemical markers such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). Risk factors include breed, age, genetic predisposition, hormones, diet, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Biomarkers like Ki-67, p53, VEGF, and COX-2 are crucial for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning. Traditional therapies for CMTs include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. However, these treatments may not always be sufficient, and advancements in understanding cancer mechanisms and innovative treatments offer hope for improved outcomes. Personalized medicine, which involves using genetic information to tailor treatments, is gaining attention in both human and veterinary oncology. Immunotherapy, particularly targeting HER-2 and MUC-1, shows promise in CMTs. The article also discusses the use of omics techniques such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to develop personalized therapies. While personalized medicine has shown promise in human oncology, its application in veterinary oncology is still in its early stages, with some initial success in targeted therapies for mast cell tumors. Overall, the article highlights the need for further research to optimize treatment strategies for CMTs.