In 1998, Pankaj Arora and Ralph E. White reviewed the mechanisms of capacity fade and side reactions in lithium-ion batteries. The capacity of lithium-ion batteries decreases during cycling due to various side reactions, such as electrolyte decomposition, passive film formation, and active material dissolution. These reactions occur during overcharge or overdischarge and lead to capacity loss. Current lithium-ion battery models do not account for these mechanisms, limiting their ability to predict cell performance during cycling and under abuse conditions. The review aims to describe the information needed to include these mechanisms in advanced battery models. Lithium-ion batteries consist of a negative electrode (graphite or coke), an electrolyte, and a positive electrode (e.g., LiCoO₂, LiMn₂O₄, or LiNiO₂). The battery market has grown significantly since Sony introduced the first commercial cell in 1990. The capacity fade mechanisms include lithium deposition, electrolyte decomposition, active material dissolution, phase changes in insertion electrode materials, and passive film formation. Quantifying these processes improves battery model predictive capability, leading to more efficient and safer batteries. Capacity balancing in lithium-ion cells involves optimizing the mass loading in the two electrodes to achieve maximum capacity. The ratio of active masses in the electrodes is crucial for optimal performance. The capacity balance is affected by side reactions and degradation processes, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss. The formation cycles of lithium-ion cells involve a sharp decay in capacity due to the formation of a solid electrolyte interface on the negative electrode. This process is critical for battery performance and safety. Overcharge phenomena in lithium-ion cells can lead to capacity loss due to lithium deposition on the negative electrode or overcharge reactions in the positive electrode. Overcharge of coke and graphite-based negative electrodes can lead to the formation of lithium metal, which is reactive and can cause safety issues. Overcharge reactions for high-voltage positive electrodes can lead to the formation of inert materials or solvent oxidation, which can cause capacity loss and safety hazards. The electrolyte in lithium-ion cells is a mixture of organic solvents and lithium salts. The stability and purity of the electrolyte are crucial for battery performance and safety. Electrolyte oxidation can lead to the formation of insoluble products, which block the pores of the electrodes and cause gas generation in the cell. The decomposition potentials of electrolytes are assessed experimentally using cyclic voltammetry, and the oxidation potential is determined based on the current density at which solvent breakdown occurs. Overcharge protection mechanisms are essential for ensuring the safety of lithium-ion batteries. These mechanisms involve the use of electronic circuitry to control charging and discharging, preventing overcharge and overdischarge. The review highlights the importance of understanding and controlling overcharge phenomena to improve the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries.In 1998, Pankaj Arora and Ralph E. White reviewed the mechanisms of capacity fade and side reactions in lithium-ion batteries. The capacity of lithium-ion batteries decreases during cycling due to various side reactions, such as electrolyte decomposition, passive film formation, and active material dissolution. These reactions occur during overcharge or overdischarge and lead to capacity loss. Current lithium-ion battery models do not account for these mechanisms, limiting their ability to predict cell performance during cycling and under abuse conditions. The review aims to describe the information needed to include these mechanisms in advanced battery models. Lithium-ion batteries consist of a negative electrode (graphite or coke), an electrolyte, and a positive electrode (e.g., LiCoO₂, LiMn₂O₄, or LiNiO₂). The battery market has grown significantly since Sony introduced the first commercial cell in 1990. The capacity fade mechanisms include lithium deposition, electrolyte decomposition, active material dissolution, phase changes in insertion electrode materials, and passive film formation. Quantifying these processes improves battery model predictive capability, leading to more efficient and safer batteries. Capacity balancing in lithium-ion cells involves optimizing the mass loading in the two electrodes to achieve maximum capacity. The ratio of active masses in the electrodes is crucial for optimal performance. The capacity balance is affected by side reactions and degradation processes, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss. The formation cycles of lithium-ion cells involve a sharp decay in capacity due to the formation of a solid electrolyte interface on the negative electrode. This process is critical for battery performance and safety. Overcharge phenomena in lithium-ion cells can lead to capacity loss due to lithium deposition on the negative electrode or overcharge reactions in the positive electrode. Overcharge of coke and graphite-based negative electrodes can lead to the formation of lithium metal, which is reactive and can cause safety issues. Overcharge reactions for high-voltage positive electrodes can lead to the formation of inert materials or solvent oxidation, which can cause capacity loss and safety hazards. The electrolyte in lithium-ion cells is a mixture of organic solvents and lithium salts. The stability and purity of the electrolyte are crucial for battery performance and safety. Electrolyte oxidation can lead to the formation of insoluble products, which block the pores of the electrodes and cause gas generation in the cell. The decomposition potentials of electrolytes are assessed experimentally using cyclic voltammetry, and the oxidation potential is determined based on the current density at which solvent breakdown occurs. Overcharge protection mechanisms are essential for ensuring the safety of lithium-ion batteries. These mechanisms involve the use of electronic circuitry to control charging and discharging, preventing overcharge and overdischarge. The review highlights the importance of understanding and controlling overcharge phenomena to improve the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries.