The article reviews the use of carbon-based nanostructures, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and nanodiamonds (NDs), as non-viral vectors for gene delivery. These nanostructures exhibit advantageous properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and substantial loading capacity, making them promising candidates for gene therapy. However, current non-viral vectors have low gene delivery efficiency, and challenges such as high toxicity and low transfection efficiency need to be addressed. The review covers the synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications of these nanostructures, highlighting their potential in overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers in gene delivery. Despite the progress, clinical trials for gene therapy using these nanostructures are still in the early stages, and further research is needed to optimize their performance and safety.The article reviews the use of carbon-based nanostructures, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and nanodiamonds (NDs), as non-viral vectors for gene delivery. These nanostructures exhibit advantageous properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and substantial loading capacity, making them promising candidates for gene therapy. However, current non-viral vectors have low gene delivery efficiency, and challenges such as high toxicity and low transfection efficiency need to be addressed. The review covers the synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications of these nanostructures, highlighting their potential in overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers in gene delivery. Despite the progress, clinical trials for gene therapy using these nanostructures are still in the early stages, and further research is needed to optimize their performance and safety.