Carbon-based nanostructures are promising materials for gene delivery applications due to their unique properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, and tunable physicochemical characteristics. These materials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and nano-diamonds, can deliver various genetic materials like plasmid DNA (pDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), small interference RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), and antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). Despite their potential, challenges such as high toxicity and low transfection efficiency need to be addressed. This review discusses three types of carbon-based nanostructures used as vectors in drug/gene delivery systems, covering their synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications. CNTs, with their high mechanical strength and flexibility, can penetrate cell membranes and deliver genetic material. CQDs, with their high chemical stability, low toxicity, and good solubility, are efficient carriers for drug/gene delivery. Nano-diamonds, with their high surface area and biocompatibility, are also promising for gene delivery. The review highlights the importance of functionalizing these nanostructures to improve their solubility, biocompatibility, and targeting efficiency. Despite their potential, challenges such as toxicity and low transfection efficiency remain to be overcome. The review also discusses the current state of research and the potential of carbon-based nanostructures in gene therapy.Carbon-based nanostructures are promising materials for gene delivery applications due to their unique properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, and tunable physicochemical characteristics. These materials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and nano-diamonds, can deliver various genetic materials like plasmid DNA (pDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), small interference RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), and antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). Despite their potential, challenges such as high toxicity and low transfection efficiency need to be addressed. This review discusses three types of carbon-based nanostructures used as vectors in drug/gene delivery systems, covering their synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications. CNTs, with their high mechanical strength and flexibility, can penetrate cell membranes and deliver genetic material. CQDs, with their high chemical stability, low toxicity, and good solubility, are efficient carriers for drug/gene delivery. Nano-diamonds, with their high surface area and biocompatibility, are also promising for gene delivery. The review highlights the importance of functionalizing these nanostructures to improve their solubility, biocompatibility, and targeting efficiency. Despite their potential, challenges such as toxicity and low transfection efficiency remain to be overcome. The review also discusses the current state of research and the potential of carbon-based nanostructures in gene therapy.