Recent advancements in carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture using emerging innovative polymers are reviewed, focusing on the latest developments in synthetic methodologies and CO₂ capture capabilities of diverse polymer-based materials, including amine-based polymers, porous organic polymers, and polymeric membranes, over the past five years (2019–2024). The review aims to provide new insights and approaches for developing innovative polymer-based materials with improved CO₂ capture capacity, efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, addressing current challenges in carbon capture and storage to meet the net-zero CO₂ emission target by 2050. CO₂ capture is a critical component of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies, which are essential for achieving large-scale emission reductions. The CO₂ capture process can be classified into three major methods: precombustion, oxyfuel combustion, and postcombustion capture. Postcombustion capture is the most commonly used strategy in CCUS projects due to its ability to integrate into existing plants through retrofitting. However, it faces challenges such as high costs and limited commercial availability. Amine-based polymers are widely used in CO₂ capture due to their high affinity for CO₂. The reaction between CO₂ and amines forms a zwitterion, which undergoes intramolecular proton transfer to form carbamic acid, followed by deprotonation to form stable carbamate and ammonium ions. The stability of the carbamate species is influenced by steric hindrance in the C−N bond, with sterically hindered amines showing higher CO₂ loading capacity but slower reaction kinetics. Tertiary amines, on the other hand, act as Brønsted bases and react with carbonic acid formed from CO₂ and water, offering advantageous reaction stoichiometry. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a promising polymer for CO₂ capture due to its high number of amine groups, ease of synthesis, low cost, and regenerability. PEI-based materials have been extensively studied for CO₂ adsorption, with modifications such as impregnation, grafting, and copolymerization enhancing their performance. Covalent grafting of PEI onto mesocellular silica foam (MCF) has shown excellent CO₂ adsorption capacity and long-term stability. Additionally, PEI-functionalized materials with different silica nanostructures have been investigated, with SNPs demonstrating higher adsorption capacity and lower desorption heat. Polyvinylamine (PVAm) is another promising polymer for CO₂ capture, primarily used as a matrix for facilitated transport membranes (FTMs). PVAm FTMs have been developed for pre-pilot and pilot-scale applications, showing good CO₂ permeance and stability. However, PVAm membranes are mechanically fragile, especially under high water content. Strategies such as crosslinking with MOFs, using polymers of higher molecular weight, and incorporating nanomRecent advancements in carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture using emerging innovative polymers are reviewed, focusing on the latest developments in synthetic methodologies and CO₂ capture capabilities of diverse polymer-based materials, including amine-based polymers, porous organic polymers, and polymeric membranes, over the past five years (2019–2024). The review aims to provide new insights and approaches for developing innovative polymer-based materials with improved CO₂ capture capacity, efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, addressing current challenges in carbon capture and storage to meet the net-zero CO₂ emission target by 2050. CO₂ capture is a critical component of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies, which are essential for achieving large-scale emission reductions. The CO₂ capture process can be classified into three major methods: precombustion, oxyfuel combustion, and postcombustion capture. Postcombustion capture is the most commonly used strategy in CCUS projects due to its ability to integrate into existing plants through retrofitting. However, it faces challenges such as high costs and limited commercial availability. Amine-based polymers are widely used in CO₂ capture due to their high affinity for CO₂. The reaction between CO₂ and amines forms a zwitterion, which undergoes intramolecular proton transfer to form carbamic acid, followed by deprotonation to form stable carbamate and ammonium ions. The stability of the carbamate species is influenced by steric hindrance in the C−N bond, with sterically hindered amines showing higher CO₂ loading capacity but slower reaction kinetics. Tertiary amines, on the other hand, act as Brønsted bases and react with carbonic acid formed from CO₂ and water, offering advantageous reaction stoichiometry. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a promising polymer for CO₂ capture due to its high number of amine groups, ease of synthesis, low cost, and regenerability. PEI-based materials have been extensively studied for CO₂ adsorption, with modifications such as impregnation, grafting, and copolymerization enhancing their performance. Covalent grafting of PEI onto mesocellular silica foam (MCF) has shown excellent CO₂ adsorption capacity and long-term stability. Additionally, PEI-functionalized materials with different silica nanostructures have been investigated, with SNPs demonstrating higher adsorption capacity and lower desorption heat. Polyvinylamine (PVAm) is another promising polymer for CO₂ capture, primarily used as a matrix for facilitated transport membranes (FTMs). PVAm FTMs have been developed for pre-pilot and pilot-scale applications, showing good CO₂ permeance and stability. However, PVAm membranes are mechanically fragile, especially under high water content. Strategies such as crosslinking with MOFs, using polymers of higher molecular weight, and incorporating nanom