Carbon dioxide energy storage systems (CCES) are emerging as a promising solution for renewable energy storage, offering advantages such as high energy density, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with carbon capture technologies. This review summarizes current research on CCES, highlighting its potential and challenges. CCES operates with CO₂ as the working fluid, allowing for liquid storage under non-extreme temperatures. Unlike compressed air energy storage (CAES), CCES can store CO₂ in liquid form, enabling higher energy density and better performance in certain conditions. The systems are classified based on storage location (underground or aboveground) and the use of external heat sources (adiabatic or diabatic). The performance of CCES is evaluated using metrics such as round-trip efficiency (RTE), energy density (EVR), and exergy efficiency. Studies show that diabatic CCES, which utilize external heat sources, generally achieve higher RTE and EVR compared to adiabatic systems. However, adiabatic systems are more suitable for standalone operation without external heat input. The energy density of CCES is influenced by factors such as the storage state of CO₂ (gaseous, supercritical, or liquid), the compression/expansion ratio, and the turbine inlet temperature. Research indicates that CCES with liquid storage at low pressure can achieve higher EVR, while supercritical CO₂ storage is more suitable for systems requiring higher expansion ratios. The use of additional thermal storage and heat recovery methods can enhance the efficiency and energy density of CCES. However, challenges remain in terms of modeling, experimental validation, and the need for more realistic dynamic studies. The review also highlights the importance of integrating CCES with renewable energy systems to improve grid resilience and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. While CCES offers significant potential, further research is needed to optimize system design, reduce costs, and address technical and environmental challenges. Overall, CCES represents a viable option for large-scale energy storage, particularly in conjunction with carbon capture technologies and renewable energy sources.Carbon dioxide energy storage systems (CCES) are emerging as a promising solution for renewable energy storage, offering advantages such as high energy density, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with carbon capture technologies. This review summarizes current research on CCES, highlighting its potential and challenges. CCES operates with CO₂ as the working fluid, allowing for liquid storage under non-extreme temperatures. Unlike compressed air energy storage (CAES), CCES can store CO₂ in liquid form, enabling higher energy density and better performance in certain conditions. The systems are classified based on storage location (underground or aboveground) and the use of external heat sources (adiabatic or diabatic). The performance of CCES is evaluated using metrics such as round-trip efficiency (RTE), energy density (EVR), and exergy efficiency. Studies show that diabatic CCES, which utilize external heat sources, generally achieve higher RTE and EVR compared to adiabatic systems. However, adiabatic systems are more suitable for standalone operation without external heat input. The energy density of CCES is influenced by factors such as the storage state of CO₂ (gaseous, supercritical, or liquid), the compression/expansion ratio, and the turbine inlet temperature. Research indicates that CCES with liquid storage at low pressure can achieve higher EVR, while supercritical CO₂ storage is more suitable for systems requiring higher expansion ratios. The use of additional thermal storage and heat recovery methods can enhance the efficiency and energy density of CCES. However, challenges remain in terms of modeling, experimental validation, and the need for more realistic dynamic studies. The review also highlights the importance of integrating CCES with renewable energy systems to improve grid resilience and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. While CCES offers significant potential, further research is needed to optimize system design, reduce costs, and address technical and environmental challenges. Overall, CCES represents a viable option for large-scale energy storage, particularly in conjunction with carbon capture technologies and renewable energy sources.