Cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanoparticles (CMC@NPs) have emerged as a promising approach in cancer treatment due to their ability to mimic biological systems, enhancing targeting efficiency and biocompatibility. This review discusses the classification, preparation methods, and applications of CMC@NPs in various cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and combination therapy. CMC@NPs are categorized based on the source cell membranes, such as red blood cell (RBCm@NPs), platelet (PLTm@NPs), white blood cell (WBCm@NPs), stem cell (SCm@NPs), cancer cell (CCm@NPs), and hybrid membrane (Hym@NPs) coated nanoparticles. The preparation methods include co-extrusion, sonication, and microfluidic electroporation, each offering unique advantages in terms of efficiency and control. RBCm@NPs are effective in enhancing the circulation time of nanoparticles and avoiding immune detection due to the "do not eat me" signal on their surface. PLTm@NPs are utilized for targeted drug delivery and have shown potential in enhancing tumor targeting and immunotherapy. WBCm@NPs, including neutrophil (Nm@NPs), macrophage (Mm@NPs), T cell (Tm@NPs), dendritic cell (DCm@NPs), and natural killer (NKm@NPs) membrane-coated nanoparticles, have demonstrated significant potential in cancer treatment by enhancing immune responses and tumor targeting. SCm@NPs offer advantages in biocompatibility and stability, while CCm@NPs leverage homotypic binding for specific targeting. Hym@NPs combine multiple cell membrane properties to enhance multifunctionality and therapeutic efficacy. The review highlights the challenges in the application of CMC@NPs, including targeting efficiency, biocompatibility, and scalability, and identifies opportunities for future research and development. Overall, CMC@NPs represent a novel and promising avenue for personalized tumor therapy, offering enhanced targeting, reduced toxicity, and improved therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.Cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanoparticles (CMC@NPs) have emerged as a promising approach in cancer treatment due to their ability to mimic biological systems, enhancing targeting efficiency and biocompatibility. This review discusses the classification, preparation methods, and applications of CMC@NPs in various cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and combination therapy. CMC@NPs are categorized based on the source cell membranes, such as red blood cell (RBCm@NPs), platelet (PLTm@NPs), white blood cell (WBCm@NPs), stem cell (SCm@NPs), cancer cell (CCm@NPs), and hybrid membrane (Hym@NPs) coated nanoparticles. The preparation methods include co-extrusion, sonication, and microfluidic electroporation, each offering unique advantages in terms of efficiency and control. RBCm@NPs are effective in enhancing the circulation time of nanoparticles and avoiding immune detection due to the "do not eat me" signal on their surface. PLTm@NPs are utilized for targeted drug delivery and have shown potential in enhancing tumor targeting and immunotherapy. WBCm@NPs, including neutrophil (Nm@NPs), macrophage (Mm@NPs), T cell (Tm@NPs), dendritic cell (DCm@NPs), and natural killer (NKm@NPs) membrane-coated nanoparticles, have demonstrated significant potential in cancer treatment by enhancing immune responses and tumor targeting. SCm@NPs offer advantages in biocompatibility and stability, while CCm@NPs leverage homotypic binding for specific targeting. Hym@NPs combine multiple cell membrane properties to enhance multifunctionality and therapeutic efficacy. The review highlights the challenges in the application of CMC@NPs, including targeting efficiency, biocompatibility, and scalability, and identifies opportunities for future research and development. Overall, CMC@NPs represent a novel and promising avenue for personalized tumor therapy, offering enhanced targeting, reduced toxicity, and improved therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.