Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have shown promise in cancer treatment by enhancing the solubility and stability of anti-tumor drugs. However, challenges such as inadequate targeting and limited biocompatibility persist. Cell membrane nano-biomimetic drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution due to their precise targeting, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility. This review outlines the categorization and advantages of cell membrane bionic nano-delivery systems, introduces their preparation methods, and assesses their applications in various cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy. The review also highlights the challenges and future opportunities in the application of these systems. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMC@NPs) form a core-shell structure, where the inner core is a nanoparticle (liposomes, inorganic particles, polymers, etc.), and the external shell is a cell membrane. CMC@NPs derived from different cell sources, such as red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, stem cells, cancer cells, and hybrid membranes, have been developed and evaluated for their therapeutic effects. These nanoparticles exhibit enhanced targeting efficiency, prolonged circulation time, and improved therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the preparation methods, applications, and potential future advancements in CMC@NPs for personalized tumor therapy.Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have shown promise in cancer treatment by enhancing the solubility and stability of anti-tumor drugs. However, challenges such as inadequate targeting and limited biocompatibility persist. Cell membrane nano-biomimetic drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution due to their precise targeting, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility. This review outlines the categorization and advantages of cell membrane bionic nano-delivery systems, introduces their preparation methods, and assesses their applications in various cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy. The review also highlights the challenges and future opportunities in the application of these systems. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMC@NPs) form a core-shell structure, where the inner core is a nanoparticle (liposomes, inorganic particles, polymers, etc.), and the external shell is a cell membrane. CMC@NPs derived from different cell sources, such as red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, stem cells, cancer cells, and hybrid membranes, have been developed and evaluated for their therapeutic effects. These nanoparticles exhibit enhanced targeting efficiency, prolonged circulation time, and improved therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the preparation methods, applications, and potential future advancements in CMC@NPs for personalized tumor therapy.