Cell membrane coating nanotechnology is an emerging platform that uses natural cell membranes to enhance the biointerface of nanoparticles, improving their performance in complex biological environments. This technique involves coating nanoparticles with a layer of natural cell membrane, which can be derived from various cell types, to mimic the biological functions of the source cells. This approach offers a top-down method for designing nanocarriers with surfaces that replicate the complex functionalities necessary for effective biointerfacing. The use of cell membrane coatings has shown significant potential in enhancing the potency and safety of existing nanocarriers, as well as enabling new applications beyond traditional nanomedicine. The technique was first reported in 2011, where researchers used red blood cell (RBC) membranes to coat nanoparticles, demonstrating the ability of RBC membranes to enhance nanoparticle circulation and targeting. RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles have been extensively studied for drug delivery, imaging, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and detoxification. These nanoparticles have shown improved circulation times and reduced uptake by macrophages, making them more effective in targeting tumors and other disease sites. The RBC membrane also provides a natural coating that reduces immune responses and enhances biocompatibility. In drug delivery, RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles have been used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX), showing increased cytotoxicity and enhanced tumor targeting. The membrane coating also allows for the incorporation of targeting ligands, such as folate or aptamers, which can enhance the specificity of nanoparticle targeting. Additionally, RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles have been used for triggered drug release, where the release of drugs is controlled by external stimuli such as near-infrared (NIR) light or changes in pH. In imaging and phototherapy, RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles have been used to enhance the visibility of tumors and to deliver photothermal or photodynamic therapies. These nanoparticles have shown improved tumor targeting and enhanced photothermal effects, leading to significant tumor growth control and increased survival rates in animal models. The RBC membrane also provides a stable coating that enhances the biocompatibility and safety of the nanoparticles. Overall, cell membrane coating nanotechnology offers a promising approach for improving the performance and safety of nanoparticles in various biomedical applications. The technique has shown significant potential in enhancing drug delivery, imaging, and phototherapy, and continues to be an area of active research and development.Cell membrane coating nanotechnology is an emerging platform that uses natural cell membranes to enhance the biointerface of nanoparticles, improving their performance in complex biological environments. This technique involves coating nanoparticles with a layer of natural cell membrane, which can be derived from various cell types, to mimic the biological functions of the source cells. This approach offers a top-down method for designing nanocarriers with surfaces that replicate the complex functionalities necessary for effective biointerfacing. The use of cell membrane coatings has shown significant potential in enhancing the potency and safety of existing nanocarriers, as well as enabling new applications beyond traditional nanomedicine. The technique was first reported in 2011, where researchers used red blood cell (RBC) membranes to coat nanoparticles, demonstrating the ability of RBC membranes to enhance nanoparticle circulation and targeting. RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles have been extensively studied for drug delivery, imaging, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and detoxification. These nanoparticles have shown improved circulation times and reduced uptake by macrophages, making them more effective in targeting tumors and other disease sites. The RBC membrane also provides a natural coating that reduces immune responses and enhances biocompatibility. In drug delivery, RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles have been used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX), showing increased cytotoxicity and enhanced tumor targeting. The membrane coating also allows for the incorporation of targeting ligands, such as folate or aptamers, which can enhance the specificity of nanoparticle targeting. Additionally, RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles have been used for triggered drug release, where the release of drugs is controlled by external stimuli such as near-infrared (NIR) light or changes in pH. In imaging and phototherapy, RBC membrane-coated nanoparticles have been used to enhance the visibility of tumors and to deliver photothermal or photodynamic therapies. These nanoparticles have shown improved tumor targeting and enhanced photothermal effects, leading to significant tumor growth control and increased survival rates in animal models. The RBC membrane also provides a stable coating that enhances the biocompatibility and safety of the nanoparticles. Overall, cell membrane coating nanotechnology offers a promising approach for improving the performance and safety of nanoparticles in various biomedical applications. The technique has shown significant potential in enhancing drug delivery, imaging, and phototherapy, and continues to be an area of active research and development.