This review article by Fulda et al. discusses the cellular stress responses, focusing on how cells respond to various types of stress and the mechanisms that lead to cell survival or death. The authors highlight the interplay between protective and destructive stress responses, which depend on the nature and duration of the stress, as well as the cell type. They explore different forms of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, and autophagic cell death, and their roles in physiological and pathological processes. The review also delves into specific stress responses such as the heat shock response, the unfolded protein response (UPR), the DNA damage response, and the response to oxidative stress. Each of these responses is described in detail, including the molecular mechanisms involved and their implications for human diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, myocardial infarction, and cancer. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding these stress responses to develop therapeutic strategies for various health issues.This review article by Fulda et al. discusses the cellular stress responses, focusing on how cells respond to various types of stress and the mechanisms that lead to cell survival or death. The authors highlight the interplay between protective and destructive stress responses, which depend on the nature and duration of the stress, as well as the cell type. They explore different forms of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, and autophagic cell death, and their roles in physiological and pathological processes. The review also delves into specific stress responses such as the heat shock response, the unfolded protein response (UPR), the DNA damage response, and the response to oxidative stress. Each of these responses is described in detail, including the molecular mechanisms involved and their implications for human diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, myocardial infarction, and cancer. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding these stress responses to develop therapeutic strategies for various health issues.