CAR-T cell therapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for various cancers, particularly hematological malignancies. However, it faces significant challenges in treating solid tumors, including insufficient infiltration, off-target effects, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and tumor lysis syndrome. Recent advancements in CAR-T cell design have focused on improving specificity, reducing toxicity, and enhancing durability. These include modifications to CAR structures, the use of multi-targets and novel targets, the application of Boolean logic gates to minimize off-target effects, and the adoption of additional protection mechanisms to improve treatment outcomes. CAR-T cells consist of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody, a hinge region, transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling peptide domain. The scFv recognizes tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), while the intracellular domain transmits activation signals to downstream targets. The key difference between CAR-T cells and TCR T cells is that CAR-T cells do not rely on MHC receptors, increasing their applicability to different patients. Common targets for CAR-T therapy include CD19, CD22, and BCMA, with varying degrees of success in clinical trials. The development of CAR-T cell products has progressed through several generations, with each generation incorporating additional co-stimulatory molecules to enhance anti-tumor effects and persistence. However, challenges remain, including tumor heterogeneity, tumor infiltration, and the risk of CRS and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). To address these challenges, researchers have explored strategies such as using bispecific antibodies, modifying CAR-T cells with gene editing techniques, and designing CAR-T cells with improved homing abilities. Additionally, the use of Boolean logic gates and armored CAR-T cells with enhanced protective mechanisms has shown promise in improving the specificity and durability of CAR-T therapy. Despite these advancements, CAR-T therapy still faces significant hurdles, including the risk of severe side effects and the need for further research to optimize its effectiveness and safety. Ongoing studies aim to enhance the precision and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with cancer.CAR-T cell therapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for various cancers, particularly hematological malignancies. However, it faces significant challenges in treating solid tumors, including insufficient infiltration, off-target effects, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and tumor lysis syndrome. Recent advancements in CAR-T cell design have focused on improving specificity, reducing toxicity, and enhancing durability. These include modifications to CAR structures, the use of multi-targets and novel targets, the application of Boolean logic gates to minimize off-target effects, and the adoption of additional protection mechanisms to improve treatment outcomes. CAR-T cells consist of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody, a hinge region, transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling peptide domain. The scFv recognizes tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), while the intracellular domain transmits activation signals to downstream targets. The key difference between CAR-T cells and TCR T cells is that CAR-T cells do not rely on MHC receptors, increasing their applicability to different patients. Common targets for CAR-T therapy include CD19, CD22, and BCMA, with varying degrees of success in clinical trials. The development of CAR-T cell products has progressed through several generations, with each generation incorporating additional co-stimulatory molecules to enhance anti-tumor effects and persistence. However, challenges remain, including tumor heterogeneity, tumor infiltration, and the risk of CRS and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). To address these challenges, researchers have explored strategies such as using bispecific antibodies, modifying CAR-T cells with gene editing techniques, and designing CAR-T cells with improved homing abilities. Additionally, the use of Boolean logic gates and armored CAR-T cells with enhanced protective mechanisms has shown promise in improving the specificity and durability of CAR-T therapy. Despite these advancements, CAR-T therapy still faces significant hurdles, including the risk of severe side effects and the need for further research to optimize its effectiveness and safety. Ongoing studies aim to enhance the precision and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with cancer.