China is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO₂), accounting for 28% of global emissions in 2019. Despite significant reductions in carbon intensity (48.4% by 2020 compared to 2005 levels), China still faces challenges in reaching carbon neutrality by 2060 and peaking emissions by 2030. Key steps include increasing non-fossil energy, deploying negative-emission technologies, promoting low-carbon development, and establishing a national 'green market'. Achieving these requires top-down socio-economic plans aligned with bottom-up incentives and technology development. China's CO₂ emissions have grown rapidly since the 1970s, driven by economic growth and urbanization. Coal, which accounts for 75% of emissions, is a major contributor, with consumption rebounding after a temporary decline from 2013–2016. Industrial and power sectors account for 44% and 38% of emissions, respectively, while transportation, residential, and other sectors contribute 8%, 5%, and 6%. Regional disparities in emissions are influenced by economic and energy structures, with some provinces emitting significantly more per capita than others. China's emissions are driven by economic growth, trade, investment, and consumption. Trade and globalization have increased emissions, with China becoming the world's largest exporter. Investment in infrastructure and construction has also driven emissions, with rapid growth in fixed asset investments and energy consumption. Household and government consumption have increased emissions, with urban and wealthy regions having higher carbon footprints. China has set ambitious targets to reduce carbon intensity and increase non-fossil energy. By 2020, carbon intensity had decreased by 48.4% compared to 2005 levels, and non-fossil energy accounted for 15.9% of primary energy consumption. Provincial targets have been set to achieve these goals, with some provinces exceeding their targets. However, others have not met their goals, highlighting the need for coordinated efforts. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, China must phase out coal, expand non-fossil energy, and develop negative-emission technologies. Renewable energy, nuclear power, and carbon capture and storage (CCUS) are key components of this strategy. Afforestation and blue carbon initiatives also play a role in reducing emissions. Despite progress, challenges remain in achieving these targets, requiring continued policy and technological innovation.China is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO₂), accounting for 28% of global emissions in 2019. Despite significant reductions in carbon intensity (48.4% by 2020 compared to 2005 levels), China still faces challenges in reaching carbon neutrality by 2060 and peaking emissions by 2030. Key steps include increasing non-fossil energy, deploying negative-emission technologies, promoting low-carbon development, and establishing a national 'green market'. Achieving these requires top-down socio-economic plans aligned with bottom-up incentives and technology development. China's CO₂ emissions have grown rapidly since the 1970s, driven by economic growth and urbanization. Coal, which accounts for 75% of emissions, is a major contributor, with consumption rebounding after a temporary decline from 2013–2016. Industrial and power sectors account for 44% and 38% of emissions, respectively, while transportation, residential, and other sectors contribute 8%, 5%, and 6%. Regional disparities in emissions are influenced by economic and energy structures, with some provinces emitting significantly more per capita than others. China's emissions are driven by economic growth, trade, investment, and consumption. Trade and globalization have increased emissions, with China becoming the world's largest exporter. Investment in infrastructure and construction has also driven emissions, with rapid growth in fixed asset investments and energy consumption. Household and government consumption have increased emissions, with urban and wealthy regions having higher carbon footprints. China has set ambitious targets to reduce carbon intensity and increase non-fossil energy. By 2020, carbon intensity had decreased by 48.4% compared to 2005 levels, and non-fossil energy accounted for 15.9% of primary energy consumption. Provincial targets have been set to achieve these goals, with some provinces exceeding their targets. However, others have not met their goals, highlighting the need for coordinated efforts. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, China must phase out coal, expand non-fossil energy, and develop negative-emission technologies. Renewable energy, nuclear power, and carbon capture and storage (CCUS) are key components of this strategy. Afforestation and blue carbon initiatives also play a role in reducing emissions. Despite progress, challenges remain in achieving these targets, requiring continued policy and technological innovation.