The article by van der Ham, Koper, and Hetterscheid reviews the challenges in reducing dinitrogen using proton and electron transfer. It highlights the importance of ammonia as a nutrient for plant growth and the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process for ammonia production. The review discusses the biological process of nitrogen fixation by nitrogenases, molecular catalysts, and electrochemical reduction at heterogeneous surfaces. Despite recent breakthroughs, significant hurdles remain in achieving efficient catalytic reduction of dinitrogen. The thermodynamic and kinetic constraints of the reaction are analyzed, emphasizing the need for catalysts that prefer nitrogen over hydrogen and operate at mild potentials. The review also examines the performance of various catalysts, including molybdenum-based systems and transition metals, and discusses the limitations of current electrochemical systems. The authors conclude that while significant progress has been made, a better fundamental understanding and new catalytic systems are needed to make electrochemical dinitrogen reduction a viable alternative to the Haber–Bosch process.The article by van der Ham, Koper, and Hetterscheid reviews the challenges in reducing dinitrogen using proton and electron transfer. It highlights the importance of ammonia as a nutrient for plant growth and the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process for ammonia production. The review discusses the biological process of nitrogen fixation by nitrogenases, molecular catalysts, and electrochemical reduction at heterogeneous surfaces. Despite recent breakthroughs, significant hurdles remain in achieving efficient catalytic reduction of dinitrogen. The thermodynamic and kinetic constraints of the reaction are analyzed, emphasizing the need for catalysts that prefer nitrogen over hydrogen and operate at mild potentials. The review also examines the performance of various catalysts, including molybdenum-based systems and transition metals, and discusses the limitations of current electrochemical systems. The authors conclude that while significant progress has been made, a better fundamental understanding and new catalytic systems are needed to make electrochemical dinitrogen reduction a viable alternative to the Haber–Bosch process.