Climate change significantly impacts child and adolescent health and well-being, affecting mental and physical health, nutrition, safety, learning, and family functioning. This narrative review summarizes evidence from peer-reviewed studies (2012–2023) highlighting the effects of climate-related events on children. Systematic reviews consistently show that extreme weather events are linked to increased posttraumatic stress, mental health disorders, asthma, respiratory illnesses, diarrheal diseases, and malnutrition. Climate change also disrupts caregiving and family functioning, which can be linked to poor caregiver mental health and resource loss. Evidence on violence against children in climate-related disasters is inconclusive, and there is limited research on the association between climate change and learning outcomes. Climate change is primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions, leading to more frequent and intense natural disasters, such as storms, floods, and wildfires, as well as gradual environmental changes like rising temperatures and drought. These events can have long-term effects on children's health, including increased risks of mental health issues, poor academic performance, and reduced growth. Heat stress is particularly harmful to infants, young children, and pregnant women. Climate change also affects food security, leading to reduced dietary diversity, wasting, and stunting, especially in rural areas. Climate change impacts children's mental health through eco-anxiety, which is linked to awareness of climate change and can lead to depression, anxiety, and other negative emotions. Climate-related disasters can also affect family stability, with parents experiencing distress and poor mental health, which can negatively impact children's well-being. Additionally, climate change can increase the risk of gender-based violence and child marriage, particularly in vulnerable populations. The review emphasizes the need for further research to understand the causal pathways linking climate change to children's health and well-being, including mental health, nutrition, and learning. It calls for urgent action to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on children's health and to ensure that policies and interventions are timely and appropriate. The review also highlights the importance of addressing the social and economic factors that exacerbate the impacts of climate change on children and adolescents.Climate change significantly impacts child and adolescent health and well-being, affecting mental and physical health, nutrition, safety, learning, and family functioning. This narrative review summarizes evidence from peer-reviewed studies (2012–2023) highlighting the effects of climate-related events on children. Systematic reviews consistently show that extreme weather events are linked to increased posttraumatic stress, mental health disorders, asthma, respiratory illnesses, diarrheal diseases, and malnutrition. Climate change also disrupts caregiving and family functioning, which can be linked to poor caregiver mental health and resource loss. Evidence on violence against children in climate-related disasters is inconclusive, and there is limited research on the association between climate change and learning outcomes. Climate change is primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions, leading to more frequent and intense natural disasters, such as storms, floods, and wildfires, as well as gradual environmental changes like rising temperatures and drought. These events can have long-term effects on children's health, including increased risks of mental health issues, poor academic performance, and reduced growth. Heat stress is particularly harmful to infants, young children, and pregnant women. Climate change also affects food security, leading to reduced dietary diversity, wasting, and stunting, especially in rural areas. Climate change impacts children's mental health through eco-anxiety, which is linked to awareness of climate change and can lead to depression, anxiety, and other negative emotions. Climate-related disasters can also affect family stability, with parents experiencing distress and poor mental health, which can negatively impact children's well-being. Additionally, climate change can increase the risk of gender-based violence and child marriage, particularly in vulnerable populations. The review emphasizes the need for further research to understand the causal pathways linking climate change to children's health and well-being, including mental health, nutrition, and learning. It calls for urgent action to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on children's health and to ensure that policies and interventions are timely and appropriate. The review also highlights the importance of addressing the social and economic factors that exacerbate the impacts of climate change on children and adolescents.