Climate change poses significant threats to plant diversity in Europe, with many species at risk of becoming vulnerable or threatened by 2080. Using climate change scenarios and niche-based models, researchers projected the future distributions of 1,350 European plant species. The results indicate that species loss and turnover vary widely across scenarios and regions, with mountainous areas showing the highest sensitivity to climate change. The boreal region is projected to lose few species but gain many through immigration. The greatest changes are expected in the transition between the Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian regions. Despite uncertainties in climate models and land-use changes, the study highlights the potential for large extinction risks, even under moderate climate change scenarios. The findings suggest that reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to mitigating climate change impacts on plant diversity. Different regions will respond differently to climate change, with mountainous areas being the most vulnerable. The study also identifies a broad transition zone where significant species mixing is likely to occur, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts in this region. Overall, the research underscores the importance of addressing climate change to protect European plant biodiversity.Climate change poses significant threats to plant diversity in Europe, with many species at risk of becoming vulnerable or threatened by 2080. Using climate change scenarios and niche-based models, researchers projected the future distributions of 1,350 European plant species. The results indicate that species loss and turnover vary widely across scenarios and regions, with mountainous areas showing the highest sensitivity to climate change. The boreal region is projected to lose few species but gain many through immigration. The greatest changes are expected in the transition between the Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian regions. Despite uncertainties in climate models and land-use changes, the study highlights the potential for large extinction risks, even under moderate climate change scenarios. The findings suggest that reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to mitigating climate change impacts on plant diversity. Different regions will respond differently to climate change, with mountainous areas being the most vulnerable. The study also identifies a broad transition zone where significant species mixing is likely to occur, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts in this region. Overall, the research underscores the importance of addressing climate change to protect European plant biodiversity.