Climate change is increasing the burden of water collection on women's welfare globally. Women in rural areas without access to running water often bear the responsibility of collecting water, which takes significant time and causes physical and mental strain. A study using fixed-effects regression analysis shows that rising temperatures and reduced precipitation will increase daily water collection times for women. By 2050, under a high-emissions scenario, daily water collection times could increase by 30% globally and up to 100% in some regions. This highlights the gendered impact of climate change, which negatively affects women's well-being. Climate change is altering water resources, with rising temperatures increasing evapotranspiration and reducing groundwater levels. Changes in precipitation patterns also affect water availability, with some regions experiencing more intense variability. These changes, combined with increasing urbanization, are expected to worsen water scarcity, particularly in regions already facing water shortages. In households without running water, women and children are responsible for collecting water, which takes up significant time and limits opportunities for education, employment, and other activities. This burden is exacerbated by water scarcity, which can lead to "time poverty" and reduced overall welfare. The study analyzed data from 347 subnational regions across four continents, showing that water collection times vary widely, with some regions having very high times. The study found that a 1°C temperature increase historically increased water collection times by 4 minutes, while reduced precipitation increased times, especially in regions with low precipitation or fewer women involved. Precipitation changes also had a nonlinear effect on water collection times, with regions already experiencing low precipitation being more affected. The study also tested the moderating effects of socio-economic factors such as education and employment on the impact of climate change on water collection times. Results showed that higher employment levels could reduce the negative effects of precipitation declines, while temperature changes were less affected by socio-economic factors. Future climate projections indicate that water collection times will continue to increase, with a 30% global increase under a high-emissions scenario by 2050. Precipitation changes showed more regional variation, with some areas benefiting from increased rainfall. However, temperature changes had a more consistent and significant impact on water collection times. The study underscores the need to address the gendered impacts of climate change on women's welfare, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. It highlights the importance of reducing water scarcity and improving access to water to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on women's well-being.Climate change is increasing the burden of water collection on women's welfare globally. Women in rural areas without access to running water often bear the responsibility of collecting water, which takes significant time and causes physical and mental strain. A study using fixed-effects regression analysis shows that rising temperatures and reduced precipitation will increase daily water collection times for women. By 2050, under a high-emissions scenario, daily water collection times could increase by 30% globally and up to 100% in some regions. This highlights the gendered impact of climate change, which negatively affects women's well-being. Climate change is altering water resources, with rising temperatures increasing evapotranspiration and reducing groundwater levels. Changes in precipitation patterns also affect water availability, with some regions experiencing more intense variability. These changes, combined with increasing urbanization, are expected to worsen water scarcity, particularly in regions already facing water shortages. In households without running water, women and children are responsible for collecting water, which takes up significant time and limits opportunities for education, employment, and other activities. This burden is exacerbated by water scarcity, which can lead to "time poverty" and reduced overall welfare. The study analyzed data from 347 subnational regions across four continents, showing that water collection times vary widely, with some regions having very high times. The study found that a 1°C temperature increase historically increased water collection times by 4 minutes, while reduced precipitation increased times, especially in regions with low precipitation or fewer women involved. Precipitation changes also had a nonlinear effect on water collection times, with regions already experiencing low precipitation being more affected. The study also tested the moderating effects of socio-economic factors such as education and employment on the impact of climate change on water collection times. Results showed that higher employment levels could reduce the negative effects of precipitation declines, while temperature changes were less affected by socio-economic factors. Future climate projections indicate that water collection times will continue to increase, with a 30% global increase under a high-emissions scenario by 2050. Precipitation changes showed more regional variation, with some areas benefiting from increased rainfall. However, temperature changes had a more consistent and significant impact on water collection times. The study underscores the need to address the gendered impacts of climate change on women's welfare, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. It highlights the importance of reducing water scarcity and improving access to water to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on women's well-being.