Approximately 1 in 1,000 children is deaf or severely hard of hearing at birth, with the prevalence rising to 1.6 per 1,000 in adolescents. Providing medical care for these children presents unique challenges for healthcare professionals. Physicians must be aware of the linguistic and cultural backgrounds of these patients, as well as the higher incidence of comorbidities, sexual abuse, and (psycho)social problems. Informed consent and medical errors are also more common. This review outlines communication challenges and medical, ethical, and legal issues faced by physicians when treating these patients. Deaf children face communicative, medical, and psychological challenges. Paediatricians must be aware of these issues and familiar with communication strategies. However, information on the special needs of this group is limited. This paper provides advice on how to communicate with HI children based on current information and expert opinion. The deaf community is a social and linguistic minority within the hearing culture. Communication barriers may arise due to cultural and linguistic differences. These challenges are similar to those faced in interactions with patients from ethnic minority groups. Deaf patients may be less assertive or show inappropriate assertiveness when visiting a doctor. HI children often have limited access to spoken language and may experience language delays. However, their language development should be comparable to their hearing peers if other causes are not present. Deaf children may also have low literacy skills due to the alphabetical writing system and difficulties with reading. Writing down medical information may be ineffective for HI parents or patients. A sign language interpreter should be present during consultations if the main language at home is sign language. HI adolescents may benefit from a speech-to-text interpreter if they have developed normal literacy skills. Doctors should be aware of the lack of general and medical knowledge in adolescents, which may lead to incomprehensible or limited information from doctors. Deaf people experience more medical and psychological problems than hearing people. They often report lower quality of life on social domains. Deaf children may miss information during play and are targets for bullying. The prevalence of sexual abuse is higher among HI individuals. Comorbidity is more common in HI children, especially when the cause is syndromic or acquired. Communication and cultural barriers may delay medical help, leading to extra morbidity. When direct communication is complex, a mediator such as a sign or speech-to-text interpreter or a healthcare worker trained in communication with HI patients should be present. Parents may translate for their child, but it is important to maintain privacy. Even very young children receive information before medical interventions. HI children may experience insecurity during procedures. It is important for physicians to introduce actions even when the child is young. In most European countries, adolescents between 12 and 14 (or 16) years of age must give informed consent with their parents before invasive procedures. Adolescents between 16 and 18 years old may make decisions themselves. It is important to communicate withApproximately 1 in 1,000 children is deaf or severely hard of hearing at birth, with the prevalence rising to 1.6 per 1,000 in adolescents. Providing medical care for these children presents unique challenges for healthcare professionals. Physicians must be aware of the linguistic and cultural backgrounds of these patients, as well as the higher incidence of comorbidities, sexual abuse, and (psycho)social problems. Informed consent and medical errors are also more common. This review outlines communication challenges and medical, ethical, and legal issues faced by physicians when treating these patients. Deaf children face communicative, medical, and psychological challenges. Paediatricians must be aware of these issues and familiar with communication strategies. However, information on the special needs of this group is limited. This paper provides advice on how to communicate with HI children based on current information and expert opinion. The deaf community is a social and linguistic minority within the hearing culture. Communication barriers may arise due to cultural and linguistic differences. These challenges are similar to those faced in interactions with patients from ethnic minority groups. Deaf patients may be less assertive or show inappropriate assertiveness when visiting a doctor. HI children often have limited access to spoken language and may experience language delays. However, their language development should be comparable to their hearing peers if other causes are not present. Deaf children may also have low literacy skills due to the alphabetical writing system and difficulties with reading. Writing down medical information may be ineffective for HI parents or patients. A sign language interpreter should be present during consultations if the main language at home is sign language. HI adolescents may benefit from a speech-to-text interpreter if they have developed normal literacy skills. Doctors should be aware of the lack of general and medical knowledge in adolescents, which may lead to incomprehensible or limited information from doctors. Deaf people experience more medical and psychological problems than hearing people. They often report lower quality of life on social domains. Deaf children may miss information during play and are targets for bullying. The prevalence of sexual abuse is higher among HI individuals. Comorbidity is more common in HI children, especially when the cause is syndromic or acquired. Communication and cultural barriers may delay medical help, leading to extra morbidity. When direct communication is complex, a mediator such as a sign or speech-to-text interpreter or a healthcare worker trained in communication with HI patients should be present. Parents may translate for their child, but it is important to maintain privacy. Even very young children receive information before medical interventions. HI children may experience insecurity during procedures. It is important for physicians to introduce actions even when the child is young. In most European countries, adolescents between 12 and 14 (or 16) years of age must give informed consent with their parents before invasive procedures. Adolescents between 16 and 18 years old may make decisions themselves. It is important to communicate with