The article discusses the evolutionary nature of cancer, highlighting how cancers evolve through a process of clonal expansion, genetic diversification, and clonal selection within the complex tissue ecosystems. The dynamics of this process are complex, with varying patterns of genetic diversity and clonal architecture. Therapeutic interventions can decimate cancer clones and erode their habitats, but they also provide selective pressure for the expansion of resistant variants. The inherently Darwinian nature of cancer is both a challenge to therapeutic success and a potential key to more effective control. The authors emphasize the importance of applying evolutionary biology and ecology to understand and control cancer dynamics, including the role of cancer stem cells and the microenvironment. They also discuss the limitations of current cancer genomics in capturing the full complexity of cancer evolution and the need for further research to address these challenges.The article discusses the evolutionary nature of cancer, highlighting how cancers evolve through a process of clonal expansion, genetic diversification, and clonal selection within the complex tissue ecosystems. The dynamics of this process are complex, with varying patterns of genetic diversity and clonal architecture. Therapeutic interventions can decimate cancer clones and erode their habitats, but they also provide selective pressure for the expansion of resistant variants. The inherently Darwinian nature of cancer is both a challenge to therapeutic success and a potential key to more effective control. The authors emphasize the importance of applying evolutionary biology and ecology to understand and control cancer dynamics, including the role of cancer stem cells and the microenvironment. They also discuss the limitations of current cancer genomics in capturing the full complexity of cancer evolution and the need for further research to address these challenges.