The review by Murray et al. highlights the increasing recognition of the environment as a significant hotspot for the selection and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. It discusses how non-antibiotic agents, such as metals, biocides, plant protection products (PPPs), and non-antibiotic drugs (NADs), can co-select for antibiotic resistance. The authors provide an overview of these four classes of non-antibiotic agents and their potential to co-select for antibiotic resistance, emphasizing the environmental context. They also identify key knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future research to better understand these co-selective agents. The review covers the mechanisms of co-selection, including co-resistance, cross-resistance, and co-regulation, and discusses the relevance of the environment in this process. It highlights that the environment can serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes, which can spread between bacteria and be selected for by micropollutants. The review also examines the impact of sub-inhibitory concentrations of these agents on resistance selection and the potential for long-term selective pressures due to the persistence of certain contaminants. Specific sections are dedicated to each class of non-antibiotic agents, detailing their presence in the environment, their potential to co-select for antibiotic resistance, and the mechanisms involved. For metals, biocides, PPPs, and NADs, the review discusses experimental studies that demonstrate co-selection effects, as well as the potential for increased horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and the role of efflux pumps in resistance. The review concludes by identifying several knowledge gaps, including the need for more research on the co-selective effects of NADs and PPPs, the extent of co-selection in complex microbial communities, and the impact of chemical complexities on co-selection. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the concentration ranges and environmental conditions under which co-selection occurs, as well as the potential for synergistic or antagonistic interactions between different agents.The review by Murray et al. highlights the increasing recognition of the environment as a significant hotspot for the selection and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. It discusses how non-antibiotic agents, such as metals, biocides, plant protection products (PPPs), and non-antibiotic drugs (NADs), can co-select for antibiotic resistance. The authors provide an overview of these four classes of non-antibiotic agents and their potential to co-select for antibiotic resistance, emphasizing the environmental context. They also identify key knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future research to better understand these co-selective agents. The review covers the mechanisms of co-selection, including co-resistance, cross-resistance, and co-regulation, and discusses the relevance of the environment in this process. It highlights that the environment can serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes, which can spread between bacteria and be selected for by micropollutants. The review also examines the impact of sub-inhibitory concentrations of these agents on resistance selection and the potential for long-term selective pressures due to the persistence of certain contaminants. Specific sections are dedicated to each class of non-antibiotic agents, detailing their presence in the environment, their potential to co-select for antibiotic resistance, and the mechanisms involved. For metals, biocides, PPPs, and NADs, the review discusses experimental studies that demonstrate co-selection effects, as well as the potential for increased horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and the role of efflux pumps in resistance. The review concludes by identifying several knowledge gaps, including the need for more research on the co-selective effects of NADs and PPPs, the extent of co-selection in complex microbial communities, and the impact of chemical complexities on co-selection. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the concentration ranges and environmental conditions under which co-selection occurs, as well as the potential for synergistic or antagonistic interactions between different agents.