Bialystok, Craik, and Luk (2009) investigated cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Ninety-six participants, including younger (20 years) and older (68 years) adults who were either monolingual or bilingual, completed tasks assessing working memory, lexical retrieval, and executive control. Younger participants generally performed better than older participants, confirming the impact of aging on these cognitive processes. The effect of language group varied across tasks: monolinguals and bilinguals performed similarly on working memory tasks, monolinguals performed better on lexical retrieval tasks, and bilinguals performed better on executive control tasks, with some evidence of larger differences in older participants on executive control tasks. These results align with previous studies using different tasks and participants, suggesting that managing two language systems influences cognitive and linguistic functions. The study found that bilingualism is associated with advantages in executive control, disadvantages in verbal fluency, and no clear effects on working memory. The bilingual advantage in executive control is attributed to the need to manage two language systems, which enhances attentional control. However, this same process leads to lexical conflict, resulting in slower lexical retrieval. The study also found that bilinguals showed greater difficulty in lexical retrieval compared to monolinguals, but this difficulty did not change with age. The results suggest that bilingualism enhances executive control but may also lead to challenges in lexical access. The study used a variety of tasks to assess cognitive functions, including working memory, lexical access, and executive control. The results showed that bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in executive control tasks but performed worse in lexical retrieval tasks. The study also found that the bilingual advantage in executive control increased with age, while the disadvantage in lexical retrieval remained constant. These findings support the idea that bilingualism enhances cognitive control but may also lead to challenges in lexical access. The study highlights the complex relationship between bilingualism, aging, and cognitive functions.Bialystok, Craik, and Luk (2009) investigated cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Ninety-six participants, including younger (20 years) and older (68 years) adults who were either monolingual or bilingual, completed tasks assessing working memory, lexical retrieval, and executive control. Younger participants generally performed better than older participants, confirming the impact of aging on these cognitive processes. The effect of language group varied across tasks: monolinguals and bilinguals performed similarly on working memory tasks, monolinguals performed better on lexical retrieval tasks, and bilinguals performed better on executive control tasks, with some evidence of larger differences in older participants on executive control tasks. These results align with previous studies using different tasks and participants, suggesting that managing two language systems influences cognitive and linguistic functions. The study found that bilingualism is associated with advantages in executive control, disadvantages in verbal fluency, and no clear effects on working memory. The bilingual advantage in executive control is attributed to the need to manage two language systems, which enhances attentional control. However, this same process leads to lexical conflict, resulting in slower lexical retrieval. The study also found that bilinguals showed greater difficulty in lexical retrieval compared to monolinguals, but this difficulty did not change with age. The results suggest that bilingualism enhances executive control but may also lead to challenges in lexical access. The study used a variety of tasks to assess cognitive functions, including working memory, lexical access, and executive control. The results showed that bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in executive control tasks but performed worse in lexical retrieval tasks. The study also found that the bilingual advantage in executive control increased with age, while the disadvantage in lexical retrieval remained constant. These findings support the idea that bilingualism enhances cognitive control but may also lead to challenges in lexical access. The study highlights the complex relationship between bilingualism, aging, and cognitive functions.