Coherent Control of the Fine-Structure Qubit in a Single Alkaline-Earth Atom

Coherent Control of the Fine-Structure Qubit in a Single Alkaline-Earth Atom

March 13, 2024 | G. Unnikrishnan, P. Ilzhofer, A. Scholz, C. Hölzl, A. Götzelmann, R. K. Gupta, J. Zhao, J. Krauter, S. Weber, N. Makki, H. P. Büchler, T. Pfau, F. Meinert
This paper reports the first realization of a novel neutral atom qubit encoded in the spin-orbit coupled metastable states $^{3}P_0$ and $^{3}P_2$ of a single $^{88}$Sr atom trapped in an optical tweezer. The qubit states are coupled via a two-photon Raman transition through the intermediate $5s6s\,^{3}S_1$ state, enabling fast single-qubit rotations on the 100 ns timescale. The qubit is prepared, read-out, and coherently controlled using phase-locked clock lasers, and Ramsey spectroscopy is used to measure the transverse qubit coherence time $T_2$. When the tweezer is tuned into magic trapping conditions, the measured $T_2$ is 1.2 ms. A microscopic quantum mechanical model is used to simulate the experiments, identifying the main constraints limiting the observed coherence time and projecting improvements for future systems. The work opens the door for a new qubit encoding concept for neutral atom-based quantum computing. The qubit encoding exploits the two long-lived fine-structure states $^{3}P_0$ and $^{3}P_2$ of the metastable triplet 5s5p-manifold in the bosonic $^{88}$Sr atom. The two qubit states are gapped by 17.419 THz and are coupled via a two-photon Raman transition. The fine-structure encoding offers several advantages, including fast single-qubit rotations, reduced recoil heating, and magic wavelength trapping near 540 nm. The qubit features magic wavelength trapping near 540 nm, for which Rydberg states are also trapped via the polarizability of the $Sr^+$ ionic core. The tunability of the tensor polarizability of the $^{3}P_2$ state via an external magnetic field allows for finding a triple-magic trapping scenario, where the two qubit states and the Rydberg level experience equal ac-Stark shifts. The experiments start with a single trapped $^{88}$Sr atom, which is loaded into an optical tweezer and initialized into the $^{3}P_0$ qubit state via optical pumping. The qubit is then read-out by pumping the population from $^{3}P_2$ into $^{3}P_1$, which rapidly decays into the ground state. Coherent Rabi oscillations are measured by driving the $^{3}P_0 \leftrightarrow ^{3}P_2$ Raman transition with a pair of phase-stable laser beams. The dominant source of transverse qubit dephasing is identified as non-magic qubit trapping combined with finite temperature. The coherence time is improved by tuning the qubit into magic trapping conditions, achieving a $T_2$ ofThis paper reports the first realization of a novel neutral atom qubit encoded in the spin-orbit coupled metastable states $^{3}P_0$ and $^{3}P_2$ of a single $^{88}$Sr atom trapped in an optical tweezer. The qubit states are coupled via a two-photon Raman transition through the intermediate $5s6s\,^{3}S_1$ state, enabling fast single-qubit rotations on the 100 ns timescale. The qubit is prepared, read-out, and coherently controlled using phase-locked clock lasers, and Ramsey spectroscopy is used to measure the transverse qubit coherence time $T_2$. When the tweezer is tuned into magic trapping conditions, the measured $T_2$ is 1.2 ms. A microscopic quantum mechanical model is used to simulate the experiments, identifying the main constraints limiting the observed coherence time and projecting improvements for future systems. The work opens the door for a new qubit encoding concept for neutral atom-based quantum computing. The qubit encoding exploits the two long-lived fine-structure states $^{3}P_0$ and $^{3}P_2$ of the metastable triplet 5s5p-manifold in the bosonic $^{88}$Sr atom. The two qubit states are gapped by 17.419 THz and are coupled via a two-photon Raman transition. The fine-structure encoding offers several advantages, including fast single-qubit rotations, reduced recoil heating, and magic wavelength trapping near 540 nm. The qubit features magic wavelength trapping near 540 nm, for which Rydberg states are also trapped via the polarizability of the $Sr^+$ ionic core. The tunability of the tensor polarizability of the $^{3}P_2$ state via an external magnetic field allows for finding a triple-magic trapping scenario, where the two qubit states and the Rydberg level experience equal ac-Stark shifts. The experiments start with a single trapped $^{88}$Sr atom, which is loaded into an optical tweezer and initialized into the $^{3}P_0$ qubit state via optical pumping. The qubit is then read-out by pumping the population from $^{3}P_2$ into $^{3}P_1$, which rapidly decays into the ground state. Coherent Rabi oscillations are measured by driving the $^{3}P_0 \leftrightarrow ^{3}P_2$ Raman transition with a pair of phase-stable laser beams. The dominant source of transverse qubit dephasing is identified as non-magic qubit trapping combined with finite temperature. The coherence time is improved by tuning the qubit into magic trapping conditions, achieving a $T_2$ of
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