The article "Cold Atmospheric Plasma Medicine: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities for Predictive Control" by Ali Kazemi et al. explores the emerging field of plasma medicine, focusing on the use of low-temperature plasma (cold plasma) in biomedical applications. Cold plasma, generated through the ionization of atoms in a gas, consists of ions, free radicals, and molecules at varying energy states. It has been applied in dermatology, oncology, and antimicrobial strategies, with potential benefits including immunomodulation, anti-infective therapies, and inflammation regulation. The authors review the history and current state of plasma medicine, emphasizing the importance of understanding the mechanisms of action and the full range of effects of cold plasma treatment on cells. They highlight the potential of cold plasma to influence immune cells, which could be leveraged for various applications. The review also discusses the challenges in defining a unit dose for plasma therapeutics due to the variability of cold plasma and its multi-scale physicochemical and biological phenomena. Common discharge systems for cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) include dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) and atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs). These systems generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which are crucial for biological activity. However, the physiological effects of electric fields and photon emission cannot be ignored, complicating the development of precise treatment protocols. The article further examines the main effectors of CAP treatment, such as RONS, and the role of other plasma discharge characteristics like electric fields and UV radiation. It emphasizes the need for a unified definition of plasma dose to standardize treatment outcomes and overcome the complexity of plasma medicine. In dermatology, CAP treatments have shown promise in accelerating wound healing, disinfection, and treating skin conditions like atopic dermatitis and wrinkles. In oncology, CAP has been effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis, particularly in surface or skin-deep tumors. The use of plasma-activated water or media (PAM) is also explored as a method to enhance the efficacy of CAP treatments. The article concludes by discussing the intracellular targets of CAP, including signaling pathways and cellular responses, and the potential for combination therapies to enhance the effectiveness of cold plasma treatments. Overall, the review underscores the potential of cold plasma medicine to address various biomedical challenges, while also highlighting the need for further research to fully understand and optimize its applications.The article "Cold Atmospheric Plasma Medicine: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities for Predictive Control" by Ali Kazemi et al. explores the emerging field of plasma medicine, focusing on the use of low-temperature plasma (cold plasma) in biomedical applications. Cold plasma, generated through the ionization of atoms in a gas, consists of ions, free radicals, and molecules at varying energy states. It has been applied in dermatology, oncology, and antimicrobial strategies, with potential benefits including immunomodulation, anti-infective therapies, and inflammation regulation. The authors review the history and current state of plasma medicine, emphasizing the importance of understanding the mechanisms of action and the full range of effects of cold plasma treatment on cells. They highlight the potential of cold plasma to influence immune cells, which could be leveraged for various applications. The review also discusses the challenges in defining a unit dose for plasma therapeutics due to the variability of cold plasma and its multi-scale physicochemical and biological phenomena. Common discharge systems for cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) include dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) and atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs). These systems generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which are crucial for biological activity. However, the physiological effects of electric fields and photon emission cannot be ignored, complicating the development of precise treatment protocols. The article further examines the main effectors of CAP treatment, such as RONS, and the role of other plasma discharge characteristics like electric fields and UV radiation. It emphasizes the need for a unified definition of plasma dose to standardize treatment outcomes and overcome the complexity of plasma medicine. In dermatology, CAP treatments have shown promise in accelerating wound healing, disinfection, and treating skin conditions like atopic dermatitis and wrinkles. In oncology, CAP has been effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis, particularly in surface or skin-deep tumors. The use of plasma-activated water or media (PAM) is also explored as a method to enhance the efficacy of CAP treatments. The article concludes by discussing the intracellular targets of CAP, including signaling pathways and cellular responses, and the potential for combination therapies to enhance the effectiveness of cold plasma treatments. Overall, the review underscores the potential of cold plasma medicine to address various biomedical challenges, while also highlighting the need for further research to fully understand and optimize its applications.