Collection Tree Protocol

Collection Tree Protocol

November 4–6, 2009, Berkeley, CA, USA | Omprakash Gnawali, Rodrigo Fonseca, Kyle Jamieson, David Moss, Philip Levis
This paper presents and evaluates two key principles for wireless routing protocols: datapath validation and adaptive beaconing. Datapath validation uses data packets to detect and fix routing inconsistencies, while adaptive beaconing extends the Trickle algorithm to dynamically adjust control traffic, reducing latency and beaconing frequency. The evaluation is conducted on CTP Noe, a sensor network tree collection protocol, using 12 different testbeds with varying sizes, platforms, and link layers. The results show that CTP Noe achieves over 90% packet delivery, with many experiments achieving 99.9%. Compared to standard beaconing, CTP Noe sends 73% fewer beacons and reduces topology repair latency by 99.8%. Additionally, CTP Noe supports low-duty cycle operation, with a median duty cycle of 3% and aggregate loads of 30 packets per minute. The paper also discusses the design and implementation of CTP Noe, including additional mechanisms such as retransmit timers, a hybrid queue, per-client queuing, and a duplicate suppression cache. The evaluation covers various aspects, including reliability, robustness, efficiency, and hardware independence, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed principles in dynamic and challenging network environments.This paper presents and evaluates two key principles for wireless routing protocols: datapath validation and adaptive beaconing. Datapath validation uses data packets to detect and fix routing inconsistencies, while adaptive beaconing extends the Trickle algorithm to dynamically adjust control traffic, reducing latency and beaconing frequency. The evaluation is conducted on CTP Noe, a sensor network tree collection protocol, using 12 different testbeds with varying sizes, platforms, and link layers. The results show that CTP Noe achieves over 90% packet delivery, with many experiments achieving 99.9%. Compared to standard beaconing, CTP Noe sends 73% fewer beacons and reduces topology repair latency by 99.8%. Additionally, CTP Noe supports low-duty cycle operation, with a median duty cycle of 3% and aggregate loads of 30 packets per minute. The paper also discusses the design and implementation of CTP Noe, including additional mechanisms such as retransmit timers, a hybrid queue, per-client queuing, and a duplicate suppression cache. The evaluation covers various aspects, including reliability, robustness, efficiency, and hardware independence, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed principles in dynamic and challenging network environments.
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