Scaling quantum computing with dynamic circuits

Scaling quantum computing with dynamic circuits

February 29, 2024 | Almudena Carrera Vazquez, Caroline Tornow, Diego Ristè, Stefan Woerner, Maika Takita, and Daniel J. Egger
This paper presents a method to scale quantum computing using dynamic circuits and circuit-cutting to overcome hardware limitations. The authors demonstrate a quantum state with periodic connectivity using up to 142 qubits across multiple quantum processing units (QPUs) connected via a real-time classical link. Dynamic circuits allow quantum gates to be classically controlled by mid-circuit measurements, enabling modular scaling of quantum hardware. Error mitigation techniques, including dynamical decoupling and zero-noise extrapolation, are used to enhance qubit connectivity and instruction set versatility. The work introduces a method to implement long-range gates using virtual gates and dynamic circuits in a modular architecture. By connecting qubits at arbitrary locations with a real-time classical link and using a quasi-probability decomposition (QPD), the authors create entanglement statistics through virtual Bell pairs. They show how to create cut Bell pairs using local operations and classical communication (LOCC), which are then consumed in teleportation circuits to implement two-qubit gates. The authors demonstrate periodic boundary conditions on a 103-node graph state using a 127-qubit Eagle processor, overcoming the physical connectivity limitations of the hardware. They compare three methods for implementing periodic boundary conditions: SWAP gates, LOCC, and LO. The LOCC method achieves the highest quality results, with lower error rates and better entanglement detection. The LO method also performs well, with lower error rates for stabilizers involving virtual gates. The authors also connect two Eagle QPUs with 127 qubits each through a real-time classical link, creating a 254-qubit system. They demonstrate a graph state on 134 qubits, showing how dynamic circuits can be used to connect two otherwise disjoint QPUs. The results show that the LO and LOCC methods achieve high-quality results, with the LO method outperforming the dropped edge benchmark for stabilizers not affected by long-range gates. The work highlights the importance of dynamic circuits and quantum modularity in scaling quantum computers. The authors show that error-mitigated dynamic circuits with a real-time classical link across multiple QPUs enable a modular scaling of quantum computers, making them more versatile and useful for a wide range of applications. The results demonstrate the potential of quantum computing to impact various domains, from natural sciences to finance, by enabling the simulation of complex systems and the solution of optimization problems.This paper presents a method to scale quantum computing using dynamic circuits and circuit-cutting to overcome hardware limitations. The authors demonstrate a quantum state with periodic connectivity using up to 142 qubits across multiple quantum processing units (QPUs) connected via a real-time classical link. Dynamic circuits allow quantum gates to be classically controlled by mid-circuit measurements, enabling modular scaling of quantum hardware. Error mitigation techniques, including dynamical decoupling and zero-noise extrapolation, are used to enhance qubit connectivity and instruction set versatility. The work introduces a method to implement long-range gates using virtual gates and dynamic circuits in a modular architecture. By connecting qubits at arbitrary locations with a real-time classical link and using a quasi-probability decomposition (QPD), the authors create entanglement statistics through virtual Bell pairs. They show how to create cut Bell pairs using local operations and classical communication (LOCC), which are then consumed in teleportation circuits to implement two-qubit gates. The authors demonstrate periodic boundary conditions on a 103-node graph state using a 127-qubit Eagle processor, overcoming the physical connectivity limitations of the hardware. They compare three methods for implementing periodic boundary conditions: SWAP gates, LOCC, and LO. The LOCC method achieves the highest quality results, with lower error rates and better entanglement detection. The LO method also performs well, with lower error rates for stabilizers involving virtual gates. The authors also connect two Eagle QPUs with 127 qubits each through a real-time classical link, creating a 254-qubit system. They demonstrate a graph state on 134 qubits, showing how dynamic circuits can be used to connect two otherwise disjoint QPUs. The results show that the LO and LOCC methods achieve high-quality results, with the LO method outperforming the dropped edge benchmark for stabilizers not affected by long-range gates. The work highlights the importance of dynamic circuits and quantum modularity in scaling quantum computers. The authors show that error-mitigated dynamic circuits with a real-time classical link across multiple QPUs enable a modular scaling of quantum computers, making them more versatile and useful for a wide range of applications. The results demonstrate the potential of quantum computing to impact various domains, from natural sciences to finance, by enabling the simulation of complex systems and the solution of optimization problems.
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