The article by Fikret Berkes discusses the role of community-based conservation in biodiversity protection within a globalized world. It highlights the limitations of both government-based and community-based conservation as panaceas, emphasizing the need for a multilevel approach that integrates conservation and development. The author argues that biodiversity conservation is a complex, multilevel commons problem, involving various levels of organization and multiple objectives. Effective conservation requires dealing with multiple objectives, using deliberative processes, and learning from commons research. The article also emphasizes the importance of partnerships and networks across different levels of governance, from local to international, to address the complexity of conservation issues. It suggests that a pluralistic approach, recognizing the diversity of perspectives and knowledge systems, is essential for successful conservation efforts. The author concludes by advocating for a complexity perspective in conservation governance, which involves managing commons at multiple levels and fostering horizontal and vertical institutional interplay.The article by Fikret Berkes discusses the role of community-based conservation in biodiversity protection within a globalized world. It highlights the limitations of both government-based and community-based conservation as panaceas, emphasizing the need for a multilevel approach that integrates conservation and development. The author argues that biodiversity conservation is a complex, multilevel commons problem, involving various levels of organization and multiple objectives. Effective conservation requires dealing with multiple objectives, using deliberative processes, and learning from commons research. The article also emphasizes the importance of partnerships and networks across different levels of governance, from local to international, to address the complexity of conservation issues. It suggests that a pluralistic approach, recognizing the diversity of perspectives and knowledge systems, is essential for successful conservation efforts. The author concludes by advocating for a complexity perspective in conservation governance, which involves managing commons at multiple levels and fostering horizontal and vertical institutional interplay.