This review discusses the ecological responses to recent climate change, emphasizing the interconnectedness of species within ecological networks. While much research has focused on individual and species-level responses, such as phenology and range shifts, the review highlights the importance of considering interactions between species at different trophic levels. Climate change affects not only individual species but also the complex interactions that shape ecosystems, leading to nonlinear and sometimes abrupt responses. Phenological changes, such as earlier spring events, are well-documented, but not all species respond uniformly. These changes can disrupt species interactions, leading to mismatches in food webs and other ecological networks. For example, changes in the timing of phytoplankton blooms and herbivore populations have been observed in aquatic systems, affecting ecosystem dynamics. Species range shifts are also significant, with many species moving to higher elevations or latitudes. These shifts can lead to changes in community composition and the formation of non-analogue communities. For instance, in sub-Antarctic regions, species compositions at higher altitudes differ from those at lower altitudes, indicating new ecological combinations. Community reorganization and ecosystem responses are influenced by both direct and indirect effects of climate change. For example, changes in species evenness can have significant impacts on ecosystem functioning. Additionally, climate change interacts with other global change drivers, such as species introductions and sea level rise, further complicating ecological responses. The review also highlights the complexity of biotic interactions and feedback processes, which can lead to nonlinear dynamics and thresholds in ecosystem responses. These interactions make it challenging to predict future climate impacts, emphasizing the need for a more integrated approach to understanding and managing ecological systems in the face of climate change.This review discusses the ecological responses to recent climate change, emphasizing the interconnectedness of species within ecological networks. While much research has focused on individual and species-level responses, such as phenology and range shifts, the review highlights the importance of considering interactions between species at different trophic levels. Climate change affects not only individual species but also the complex interactions that shape ecosystems, leading to nonlinear and sometimes abrupt responses. Phenological changes, such as earlier spring events, are well-documented, but not all species respond uniformly. These changes can disrupt species interactions, leading to mismatches in food webs and other ecological networks. For example, changes in the timing of phytoplankton blooms and herbivore populations have been observed in aquatic systems, affecting ecosystem dynamics. Species range shifts are also significant, with many species moving to higher elevations or latitudes. These shifts can lead to changes in community composition and the formation of non-analogue communities. For instance, in sub-Antarctic regions, species compositions at higher altitudes differ from those at lower altitudes, indicating new ecological combinations. Community reorganization and ecosystem responses are influenced by both direct and indirect effects of climate change. For example, changes in species evenness can have significant impacts on ecosystem functioning. Additionally, climate change interacts with other global change drivers, such as species introductions and sea level rise, further complicating ecological responses. The review also highlights the complexity of biotic interactions and feedback processes, which can lead to nonlinear dynamics and thresholds in ecosystem responses. These interactions make it challenging to predict future climate impacts, emphasizing the need for a more integrated approach to understanding and managing ecological systems in the face of climate change.