This review discusses Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), leading to cognitive decline and dementia. AD is a multifactorial disease influenced by age, genetics, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors. Currently, only two drug classes are approved for AD treatment: cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA antagonists, which manage symptoms but do not cure or prevent the disease. Research is focusing on targeting pathogenic mechanisms such as Aβ and tau aggregation, inflammation, and oxidative stress to develop disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). The review highlights recent developments in AD diagnosis, pathology, and treatment, including biomarkers like Aβ and tau, and discusses genetic risk factors such as mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and ApoE. Environmental factors like air pollution, diet, and metals also contribute to AD risk. Promising future therapies include DMTs, such as anti-Aβ antibodies, γ-secretase inhibitors, and tau aggregation inhibitors, which aim to modify disease progression. Despite challenges, ongoing research seeks to improve AD treatment and prevention through targeted therapies and lifestyle interventions.This review discusses Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), leading to cognitive decline and dementia. AD is a multifactorial disease influenced by age, genetics, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors. Currently, only two drug classes are approved for AD treatment: cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA antagonists, which manage symptoms but do not cure or prevent the disease. Research is focusing on targeting pathogenic mechanisms such as Aβ and tau aggregation, inflammation, and oxidative stress to develop disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). The review highlights recent developments in AD diagnosis, pathology, and treatment, including biomarkers like Aβ and tau, and discusses genetic risk factors such as mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and ApoE. Environmental factors like air pollution, diet, and metals also contribute to AD risk. Promising future therapies include DMTs, such as anti-Aβ antibodies, γ-secretase inhibitors, and tau aggregation inhibitors, which aim to modify disease progression. Despite challenges, ongoing research seeks to improve AD treatment and prevention through targeted therapies and lifestyle interventions.