Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of brain cells and cognitive decline. The disease is multifactorial, with two main hypotheses: the cholinergic hypothesis and the amyloid hypothesis. Risk factors include aging, genetic factors, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors. Currently, only two classes of drugs are approved for AD treatment: cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, which only manage symptoms and do not cure or prevent the disease. Research is focusing on understanding AD pathology by targeting mechanisms such as abnormal tau protein metabolism, β-amyloid, inflammatory response, and cholinergic and free radical damage. This review discusses current treatments and future therapies, including disease-modifying therapeutics (DMT), chaperones, and natural compounds. The article also covers diagnostic criteria, neuropathology, stages of AD, and risk factors, highlighting the importance of genetic and environmental factors in the development of the disease.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of brain cells and cognitive decline. The disease is multifactorial, with two main hypotheses: the cholinergic hypothesis and the amyloid hypothesis. Risk factors include aging, genetic factors, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors. Currently, only two classes of drugs are approved for AD treatment: cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, which only manage symptoms and do not cure or prevent the disease. Research is focusing on understanding AD pathology by targeting mechanisms such as abnormal tau protein metabolism, β-amyloid, inflammatory response, and cholinergic and free radical damage. This review discusses current treatments and future therapies, including disease-modifying therapeutics (DMT), chaperones, and natural compounds. The article also covers diagnostic criteria, neuropathology, stages of AD, and risk factors, highlighting the importance of genetic and environmental factors in the development of the disease.