This comprehensive review article by Shoma Kato and Yasuki Kansha provides an overview of industrial wastewater treatment techniques, focusing on the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods. The authors highlight the importance of understanding the varying characteristics of wastewater generated by different industries, such as the quantity, concentration, and type of pollutants, to select appropriate treatment technologies. The review covers a wide range of industries, including cement, concrete, ceramics, chemical, food, iron and steel, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, and textile industries. For each industry, the article details the specific pollutants present in the wastewater and the treatment techniques used, such as physical methods (screening, sedimentation, adsorption), chemical methods (coagulation, flocculation, advanced oxidation processes), and biological methods (aerobic and anaerobic treatment). The review also discusses the challenges and limitations of each treatment method and suggests that a combination of these techniques can be effective in achieving sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment. The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to address water scarcity and environmental pollution, particularly in low-income regions where wastewater treatment infrastructure is often lacking.This comprehensive review article by Shoma Kato and Yasuki Kansha provides an overview of industrial wastewater treatment techniques, focusing on the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods. The authors highlight the importance of understanding the varying characteristics of wastewater generated by different industries, such as the quantity, concentration, and type of pollutants, to select appropriate treatment technologies. The review covers a wide range of industries, including cement, concrete, ceramics, chemical, food, iron and steel, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, and textile industries. For each industry, the article details the specific pollutants present in the wastewater and the treatment techniques used, such as physical methods (screening, sedimentation, adsorption), chemical methods (coagulation, flocculation, advanced oxidation processes), and biological methods (aerobic and anaerobic treatment). The review also discusses the challenges and limitations of each treatment method and suggests that a combination of these techniques can be effective in achieving sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment. The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to address water scarcity and environmental pollution, particularly in low-income regions where wastewater treatment infrastructure is often lacking.