The paper by Van Jacobson discusses the development and implementation of congestion control algorithms in TCP to address the first series of 'congestion collapses' on the Internet in October 1986. The author and his colleague, Mike Karels, investigated the sudden drop in data throughput from LBL to UC Berkeley, which was attributed to issues with the 4.3BSD TCP. They identified and implemented seven new algorithms in the 4BSD TCP to improve congestion control: 1. Round-trip-time variance estimation. 2. Exponential retransmit timer backoff. 3. Slow-start. 4. More aggressive receiver ACK policy. 5. Dynamic window sizing on congestion. 6. Karn's clamped retransmit backoff. 7. Fast retransmit. These algorithms aim to ensure that TCP connections follow a 'conservation of packets' principle, where the packet flow is stable and robust in the face of congestion. The paper details the rationale behind each algorithm, focusing on the importance of estimating both mean and variance of round-trip times to improve retransmit timers and the need for exponential backoff to stabilize the system. The authors also describe the congestion avoidance strategy, which involves signaling to transport endpoints when congestion is detected and adjusting the window size to manage network load. The paper includes experimental results showing the effectiveness of these algorithms in improving network performance under congested conditions.The paper by Van Jacobson discusses the development and implementation of congestion control algorithms in TCP to address the first series of 'congestion collapses' on the Internet in October 1986. The author and his colleague, Mike Karels, investigated the sudden drop in data throughput from LBL to UC Berkeley, which was attributed to issues with the 4.3BSD TCP. They identified and implemented seven new algorithms in the 4BSD TCP to improve congestion control: 1. Round-trip-time variance estimation. 2. Exponential retransmit timer backoff. 3. Slow-start. 4. More aggressive receiver ACK policy. 5. Dynamic window sizing on congestion. 6. Karn's clamped retransmit backoff. 7. Fast retransmit. These algorithms aim to ensure that TCP connections follow a 'conservation of packets' principle, where the packet flow is stable and robust in the face of congestion. The paper details the rationale behind each algorithm, focusing on the importance of estimating both mean and variance of round-trip times to improve retransmit timers and the need for exponential backoff to stabilize the system. The authors also describe the congestion avoidance strategy, which involves signaling to transport endpoints when congestion is detected and adjusting the window size to manage network load. The paper includes experimental results showing the effectiveness of these algorithms in improving network performance under congested conditions.