This consensus paper explores the cerebellum's role in both motor and cognitive functions, highlighting its importance in neurocognitive development, language function, working memory, executive function, and the development of internal control models. The authors, from various institutions in the United States, Europe, and Japan, discuss how the cerebellum's modular organization and compositional infrastructure contribute to these functions. They emphasize that while the cerebellum's role in cognition is well-established, it remains a subject of ongoing research and debate. The paper also reviews the impact of cerebellar pathology on cognitive and emotional functions, and the potential of computational modeling to enhance our understanding of the cerebellum's role in human function and adaptation. Key topics include the cerebellum's involvement in skilled motor and cognitive operations, the universal cerebellar transform (UCT), and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS). The authors conclude that the cerebellum plays a crucial role in modulating sensorimotor, cognitive, and limbic functions, and that its dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cognitive and behavioral deficits.This consensus paper explores the cerebellum's role in both motor and cognitive functions, highlighting its importance in neurocognitive development, language function, working memory, executive function, and the development of internal control models. The authors, from various institutions in the United States, Europe, and Japan, discuss how the cerebellum's modular organization and compositional infrastructure contribute to these functions. They emphasize that while the cerebellum's role in cognition is well-established, it remains a subject of ongoing research and debate. The paper also reviews the impact of cerebellar pathology on cognitive and emotional functions, and the potential of computational modeling to enhance our understanding of the cerebellum's role in human function and adaptation. Key topics include the cerebellum's involvement in skilled motor and cognitive operations, the universal cerebellar transform (UCT), and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS). The authors conclude that the cerebellum plays a crucial role in modulating sensorimotor, cognitive, and limbic functions, and that its dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cognitive and behavioral deficits.