Offshore green hydrogen production from wind energy: Critical review and perspective

Offshore green hydrogen production from wind energy: Critical review and perspective

2024 | Shanmugam Ramakrishnan, Mostafa Delpisheh, Caillean Convery, Daniel Niblett, Mohanraj Vinothkannan, Mohamed Mamlouk
Offshore wind energy is a promising source for green hydrogen production, offering higher capacity factors and reduced production costs compared to onshore locations. Deep offshore wind farms can generate up to 60–70% of their capacity, significantly more than onshore locations. Dedicated wind farms can use over 80% of the produced energy to generate economical hydrogen. However, challenges such as corrosion, environmental emissions, and maintenance costs must be addressed. Direct seawater electrolysis is a potential solution, but it faces challenges like chlorine evolution reactions and membrane fouling. Research has shown that using seawater electrolysis with reverse osmosis and ion exchangers can improve efficiency and reduce costs. The use of non-precious metal catalysts is being explored to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of direct seawater electrolysis. Offshore wind-to-hydrogen systems can be configured in onshore, offshore, or in-turbine setups, each with its own advantages and challenges. The integration of electrolyzers with offshore wind farms requires careful consideration of system dynamics, energy storage, and control. The economic viability of offshore wind-to-hydrogen depends on factors such as the distance from shore, the capacity factor of wind farms, and the cost of electricity. The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier can help reduce production costs and improve the efficiency of offshore wind energy. However, challenges such as the need for effective corrosion protection, the management of brine waste, and the integration of electrolyzers with offshore wind farms must be addressed to ensure the long-term sustainability and economic viability of offshore wind-to-hydrogen systems.Offshore wind energy is a promising source for green hydrogen production, offering higher capacity factors and reduced production costs compared to onshore locations. Deep offshore wind farms can generate up to 60–70% of their capacity, significantly more than onshore locations. Dedicated wind farms can use over 80% of the produced energy to generate economical hydrogen. However, challenges such as corrosion, environmental emissions, and maintenance costs must be addressed. Direct seawater electrolysis is a potential solution, but it faces challenges like chlorine evolution reactions and membrane fouling. Research has shown that using seawater electrolysis with reverse osmosis and ion exchangers can improve efficiency and reduce costs. The use of non-precious metal catalysts is being explored to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of direct seawater electrolysis. Offshore wind-to-hydrogen systems can be configured in onshore, offshore, or in-turbine setups, each with its own advantages and challenges. The integration of electrolyzers with offshore wind farms requires careful consideration of system dynamics, energy storage, and control. The economic viability of offshore wind-to-hydrogen depends on factors such as the distance from shore, the capacity factor of wind farms, and the cost of electricity. The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier can help reduce production costs and improve the efficiency of offshore wind energy. However, challenges such as the need for effective corrosion protection, the management of brine waste, and the integration of electrolyzers with offshore wind farms must be addressed to ensure the long-term sustainability and economic viability of offshore wind-to-hydrogen systems.
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