This review article discusses the development and performance of controlled drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment. Conventional chemotherapy has several drawbacks, including poor bioavailability, high-dose requirements, adverse side effects, low therapeutic indices, and the development of multiple drug resistance. The primary aim is to address these issues by improving the targeting and efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents while reducing side effects. The article covers various materials used as delivery vehicles, such as nanocarriers, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and micelles, highlighting their structural characteristics and recent scientific advances. It also addresses the challenges in cancer treatments, such as cancer chemoresistance, and explores future directions in chemotherapy. The review emphasizes the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutics, particularly through targeted delivery systems that improve drug accumulation in tumor sites and reduce toxicity in healthy tissues.This review article discusses the development and performance of controlled drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment. Conventional chemotherapy has several drawbacks, including poor bioavailability, high-dose requirements, adverse side effects, low therapeutic indices, and the development of multiple drug resistance. The primary aim is to address these issues by improving the targeting and efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents while reducing side effects. The article covers various materials used as delivery vehicles, such as nanocarriers, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and micelles, highlighting their structural characteristics and recent scientific advances. It also addresses the challenges in cancer treatments, such as cancer chemoresistance, and explores future directions in chemotherapy. The review emphasizes the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutics, particularly through targeted delivery systems that improve drug accumulation in tumor sites and reduce toxicity in healthy tissues.