The discovery of Junggarsuchus sloani, a new crocodylomorph from the Lower Jurassic of Xinjiang, indicates that the closest relative of crocodyliforms was also a highly adapted cursor. The consolidation of the crocodylian skull began before crocodylians entered the water. Junggarsuchus is a small, non-crocodyliform crocodylomorph with specific skeletal features, including a concave ventrolateral surface of the jugal, broadened dorsal edge of the surangular, and enlarged anterior maxillary teeth. It also exhibits features such as posteroventral flanges, shallow procoely in vertebrae, and a reduced deltopectoral crest. These features suggest a highly adapted cursor and provide insights into the evolution of crocodylomorphs. In a separate study, researchers explored the evolution of altruistic cooperation in pathogenic bacteria, focusing on siderophore production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Siderophores are iron-scavenging agents that are costly to produce but beneficial for the local group. The study found that higher relatedness promotes cooperation, while local competition reduces it. The interaction between relatedness and competition scale was significant, with relatedness having less effect when competition was more local. These findings highlight the importance of competition scale in the evolution of cooperation in microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria. The study used an experimental evolution approach to manipulate relatedness and competition scale, showing that cooperation is favored by higher relatedness and more global competition. The results demonstrate that the scale of competition significantly influences the evolution of altruistic cooperation, both independently and in interaction with relatedness. This has implications for understanding the evolution of cooperation in various organisms, including bacteria and other microorganisms. The findings also suggest that competition scale could affect the virulence of pathogenic bacteria, as cooperative traits like siderophore production play a role in determining virulence. The study provides a clear experimental demonstration of how competition scale influences the evolution of altruistic cooperation.The discovery of Junggarsuchus sloani, a new crocodylomorph from the Lower Jurassic of Xinjiang, indicates that the closest relative of crocodyliforms was also a highly adapted cursor. The consolidation of the crocodylian skull began before crocodylians entered the water. Junggarsuchus is a small, non-crocodyliform crocodylomorph with specific skeletal features, including a concave ventrolateral surface of the jugal, broadened dorsal edge of the surangular, and enlarged anterior maxillary teeth. It also exhibits features such as posteroventral flanges, shallow procoely in vertebrae, and a reduced deltopectoral crest. These features suggest a highly adapted cursor and provide insights into the evolution of crocodylomorphs. In a separate study, researchers explored the evolution of altruistic cooperation in pathogenic bacteria, focusing on siderophore production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Siderophores are iron-scavenging agents that are costly to produce but beneficial for the local group. The study found that higher relatedness promotes cooperation, while local competition reduces it. The interaction between relatedness and competition scale was significant, with relatedness having less effect when competition was more local. These findings highlight the importance of competition scale in the evolution of cooperation in microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria. The study used an experimental evolution approach to manipulate relatedness and competition scale, showing that cooperation is favored by higher relatedness and more global competition. The results demonstrate that the scale of competition significantly influences the evolution of altruistic cooperation, both independently and in interaction with relatedness. This has implications for understanding the evolution of cooperation in various organisms, including bacteria and other microorganisms. The findings also suggest that competition scale could affect the virulence of pathogenic bacteria, as cooperative traits like siderophore production play a role in determining virulence. The study provides a clear experimental demonstration of how competition scale influences the evolution of altruistic cooperation.