This review discusses the antimicrobial properties of copper and copper nanoparticles, highlighting their potential as alternatives to antibiotics. Copper has been used for centuries for its antimicrobial effects, and recent studies show that copper nanoparticles are effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The review covers the mechanisms of action of copper and copper nanoparticles, including their ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes, generate reactive oxygen species, and inhibit microbial growth. It also discusses the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using biological materials, which is considered a promising approach for future biotechnology and medical applications. The review highlights the potential of copper nanoparticles in various applications, including medical devices, coatings, and textiles. It also addresses the toxicity of copper nanoparticles and the need for further research to ensure their safe use. The review concludes that copper and copper nanoparticles have significant potential in combating infections and reducing the spread of pathogens.This review discusses the antimicrobial properties of copper and copper nanoparticles, highlighting their potential as alternatives to antibiotics. Copper has been used for centuries for its antimicrobial effects, and recent studies show that copper nanoparticles are effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The review covers the mechanisms of action of copper and copper nanoparticles, including their ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes, generate reactive oxygen species, and inhibit microbial growth. It also discusses the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using biological materials, which is considered a promising approach for future biotechnology and medical applications. The review highlights the potential of copper nanoparticles in various applications, including medical devices, coatings, and textiles. It also addresses the toxicity of copper nanoparticles and the need for further research to ensure their safe use. The review concludes that copper and copper nanoparticles have significant potential in combating infections and reducing the spread of pathogens.