Copper is an essential metal for plant growth and development but can be toxic in excess. It participates in various physiological processes and is a cofactor for many metalloproteins. However, excess copper inhibits plant growth and impairs cellular processes like photosynthetic electron transport. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to regulate copper homeostasis, preventing its accumulation in reactive forms and ensuring its proper delivery to metalloproteins. These mechanisms include copper transporters, chaperones, and detoxification factors. Recent studies have identified several genes involved in copper transport and homeostasis, including P-type ATPases, COPT transporters, and copper chaperones. Copper deficiency leads to symptoms such as chlorosis and necrosis, while excess copper causes oxidative stress and damage to photosynthetic machinery. Copper toxicity affects photosystem II, particularly the PSII reaction center and associated proteins. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms to copper toxicity, including metal sequestration in vacuoles, chelation by phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and efflux pumps. Understanding copper homeostasis is crucial for improving plant tolerance to heavy metals and for phytoremediation applications. Current research focuses on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of copper transport and detoxification in plants.Copper is an essential metal for plant growth and development but can be toxic in excess. It participates in various physiological processes and is a cofactor for many metalloproteins. However, excess copper inhibits plant growth and impairs cellular processes like photosynthetic electron transport. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to regulate copper homeostasis, preventing its accumulation in reactive forms and ensuring its proper delivery to metalloproteins. These mechanisms include copper transporters, chaperones, and detoxification factors. Recent studies have identified several genes involved in copper transport and homeostasis, including P-type ATPases, COPT transporters, and copper chaperones. Copper deficiency leads to symptoms such as chlorosis and necrosis, while excess copper causes oxidative stress and damage to photosynthetic machinery. Copper toxicity affects photosystem II, particularly the PSII reaction center and associated proteins. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms to copper toxicity, including metal sequestration in vacuoles, chelation by phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and efflux pumps. Understanding copper homeostasis is crucial for improving plant tolerance to heavy metals and for phytoremediation applications. Current research focuses on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of copper transport and detoxification in plants.