The article "Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification" by O. Hoegh-Guldberg et al. reviews the current understanding of how anthropogenic climate change and increasing ocean acidity are affecting coral reefs. The authors highlight that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to exceed 500 parts per million by 2050 to 2100, significantly exceeding the values of the past 420,000 years. This rise in CO2 levels will lead to global warming and ocean acidification, compromising carbonate accretion and making corals increasingly rare on reef systems. The result will be less diverse reef communities and structures that fail to be maintained. Climate change also exacerbates local stresses from declining water quality and overexploitation of key species, driving reefs closer to a functional collapse tipping point. The article presents three future scenarios for coral reefs: CRS-A, CRS-B, and CRS-C, each highlighting different levels of warming and acidification. CRS-A involves stable conditions, while CRS-B and CRS-C represent more severe impacts. In CRS-B, coral density and diversity will decline, reducing habitat complexity and biodiversity. In CRS-C, coral reefs will become rapidly eroding rubble banks, with macroalgae dominating and phytoplankton blooms becoming more frequent. The authors emphasize the need for scaled-up management intervention and decisive action on global emissions to avoid the loss of coral-dominated ecosystems. The article also discusses the socioeconomic impacts of coral reef decline, including the loss of coastal protection, fisheries, and tourism. It suggests that local stressors such as declining water quality and overexploitation of key functional groups should be addressed first. Coral restoration and facilitating grazing by fish and invertebrate herbivores are potential management interventions. However, the efficacy of these methods remains uncertain, and further evaluation is needed. In conclusion, the authors warn that even under lower IPCC scenarios, serious and devastating ramifications for coral reefs are expected. Higher CO2 levels and global temperatures are considered extremely risky for coral reefs and the millions of people who depend on them.The article "Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification" by O. Hoegh-Guldberg et al. reviews the current understanding of how anthropogenic climate change and increasing ocean acidity are affecting coral reefs. The authors highlight that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are expected to exceed 500 parts per million by 2050 to 2100, significantly exceeding the values of the past 420,000 years. This rise in CO2 levels will lead to global warming and ocean acidification, compromising carbonate accretion and making corals increasingly rare on reef systems. The result will be less diverse reef communities and structures that fail to be maintained. Climate change also exacerbates local stresses from declining water quality and overexploitation of key species, driving reefs closer to a functional collapse tipping point. The article presents three future scenarios for coral reefs: CRS-A, CRS-B, and CRS-C, each highlighting different levels of warming and acidification. CRS-A involves stable conditions, while CRS-B and CRS-C represent more severe impacts. In CRS-B, coral density and diversity will decline, reducing habitat complexity and biodiversity. In CRS-C, coral reefs will become rapidly eroding rubble banks, with macroalgae dominating and phytoplankton blooms becoming more frequent. The authors emphasize the need for scaled-up management intervention and decisive action on global emissions to avoid the loss of coral-dominated ecosystems. The article also discusses the socioeconomic impacts of coral reef decline, including the loss of coastal protection, fisheries, and tourism. It suggests that local stressors such as declining water quality and overexploitation of key functional groups should be addressed first. Coral restoration and facilitating grazing by fish and invertebrate herbivores are potential management interventions. However, the efficacy of these methods remains uncertain, and further evaluation is needed. In conclusion, the authors warn that even under lower IPCC scenarios, serious and devastating ramifications for coral reefs are expected. Higher CO2 levels and global temperatures are considered extremely risky for coral reefs and the millions of people who depend on them.