This review summarizes the current understanding of coronavirus (CoV) infections and immune responses. Coronaviruses are large positive-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans. Recent outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, have highlighted the global threat posed by these viruses. CoVs can cause severe respiratory infections, leading to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and even death. The immune system plays a crucial role in controlling CoV infections, but an uncontrolled immune response can lead to immunopathology and impaired lung function. The innate immune system recognizes CoVs through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs). These receptors detect viral components and initiate signaling pathways that lead to the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. IFNs are essential for antiviral defense, while cytokines help coordinate the immune response. However, some viruses, such as SARS-CoV, can inhibit these responses by interfering with PRR signaling. The adaptive immune response involves T cells and B cells. CD4+ T cells help activate B cells to produce antibodies, while CD8+ T cells directly kill infected cells. B cells produce antibodies that neutralize viruses and help clear infections. However, an overactive immune response can lead to severe inflammation and tissue damage. The review also discusses the role of defensins, which are innate immune molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, understanding the interaction between CoVs and the immune system is essential for developing effective treatments and vaccines. The review highlights the importance of the innate immune response in controlling CoV infections and the need for targeted therapeutic strategies to modulate immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of CoV-induced immune responses and to develop better interventions for CoV infections.This review summarizes the current understanding of coronavirus (CoV) infections and immune responses. Coronaviruses are large positive-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans. Recent outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, have highlighted the global threat posed by these viruses. CoVs can cause severe respiratory infections, leading to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and even death. The immune system plays a crucial role in controlling CoV infections, but an uncontrolled immune response can lead to immunopathology and impaired lung function. The innate immune system recognizes CoVs through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs). These receptors detect viral components and initiate signaling pathways that lead to the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. IFNs are essential for antiviral defense, while cytokines help coordinate the immune response. However, some viruses, such as SARS-CoV, can inhibit these responses by interfering with PRR signaling. The adaptive immune response involves T cells and B cells. CD4+ T cells help activate B cells to produce antibodies, while CD8+ T cells directly kill infected cells. B cells produce antibodies that neutralize viruses and help clear infections. However, an overactive immune response can lead to severe inflammation and tissue damage. The review also discusses the role of defensins, which are innate immune molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, understanding the interaction between CoVs and the immune system is essential for developing effective treatments and vaccines. The review highlights the importance of the innate immune response in controlling CoV infections and the need for targeted therapeutic strategies to modulate immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of CoV-induced immune responses and to develop better interventions for CoV infections.