The paper discusses the coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS₂ and other group-VI dichalcogenides, highlighting the effects of inversion symmetry breaking and strong spin-orbit coupling. The authors show that these materials exhibit robust valley Hall and spin Hall effects, with valley and spin relaxation suppressed at the valence band edges due to the valley-contrasting spin splitting. They predict frequency-dependent polarization selection rules for optical interband transitions, allowing selective photoexcitation of carriers with various combinations of valley and spin indices. Photo-induced spin Hall and valley Hall effects can generate long-lived spin and valley accumulations on sample boundaries, providing a route for integrating valleytronics and spintronics in multi-valley materials with strong spin-orbit coupling and inversion symmetry breaking. The study also explores the implications for hybrid systems and the potential for using the valley index as an ancillary information carrier in monolayers.The paper discusses the coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS₂ and other group-VI dichalcogenides, highlighting the effects of inversion symmetry breaking and strong spin-orbit coupling. The authors show that these materials exhibit robust valley Hall and spin Hall effects, with valley and spin relaxation suppressed at the valence band edges due to the valley-contrasting spin splitting. They predict frequency-dependent polarization selection rules for optical interband transitions, allowing selective photoexcitation of carriers with various combinations of valley and spin indices. Photo-induced spin Hall and valley Hall effects can generate long-lived spin and valley accumulations on sample boundaries, providing a route for integrating valleytronics and spintronics in multi-valley materials with strong spin-orbit coupling and inversion symmetry breaking. The study also explores the implications for hybrid systems and the potential for using the valley index as an ancillary information carrier in monolayers.